third quiz, membrane and water potential etc

Totality of organism's chemical reactions

Release energy, break down complex molecule into simpler ones (think cat, cats prob like to break stuff)

Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

Capacity to cause change

energy associated with movement of molecules

Energy ready for release in reaction

Study of energy transformations

Organisms are open systems

Energy of universe is constant.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred and transformed
Principle of conservation of energy

During energy transfer, some are not used but lost as heat.
Every energy transfer increase entropy (total disorder) of the universe

Reactions without energy input. Must increase entropy

Energy aviailable in cell that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform.
Measure of system's instability, and tendency to change to more stable state.

d_free energy = d_heat - d_entropy * temperature

free energy drecrease, and stability of system increase
moves system towards equilibrium

Net release of free energy, spontenaous

Absorbs free energy from surrandings. Nonspontenous

Chemical, transport, mechanical

recipient of phosphate group in ATP reaction

Inital energy needed to start a chemical reaction. Free energy of activation

what its called when enzyme binds to substrate

Theory that enzyme adopts shape to "hug around" substrate

Binds to enzyme instead of the substrate to block it

Doesn't block substrate, attaches at other site and block enzyme from doing its job

When regulatory molecule bind to one point of protein. But it effect protein function at another side

Binding of activator stabilize active form of enzyme
Binding of inhibitor stabilize inactive form

Form of allosteric regulation that amplify enzyme activity. Binding by substrate to one active site stabilize favorable changes in other subunits.

Measure clarity of object (electron microscope)

An electron microscope focuses beams of electron through the speicemen

Taking a cell apart and separate major organelle from one another
Can use ultracentrifudge to fractionate cell into componet parts

little hair on prokaroyotes, allow them to stick to things

big tail on prokaryotic cells, movement

Prokaryotic has no nucleus, only DNA in unbound region (nucleoid)
No membrane bound organelles
Cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane

Membrane bound organelled
Generally larger

Encloses nucleus, separate it from cytoplasm
Pores that regulate what can/cannot enter

Array of protein that maintain size of nucleus
Net of protein on envelope

Condensed chromatins, formed by protein and chromatins

Located in nucleus, site of rRNA synthesis

Particles made of rRNA and protein
Carry out protein synthesis in cytosol (free ribosome)
or on outside of ER or nuclear envelope

Continous with nuclear evelope
Majority of total membrane

Synthesizes Lipids
Metabolize carbohydrates
Detoxify poison
Stores calcium

bound ribosome (secrete glycoproteins)
Distribute transport vesicles
Membrane factory

Flattened membranes called cisternae
Modified product of ER
manufactures certine macromolecules
store and package material into vesicles

Membranous sac of hydrolyric enzyme that digest macromolecules

Cell engulf another cell, forming a food vacuole which lysosome digests

Pump water out of cell (found in freshwater protists)

Flow of membrane through a system. Synthesize, digest, transport

folded inner membrane of mitochondria

Compartment in inner membrane of mitochondria
Steps of

Family of organelle that include the chloroplast

Colorless plastid that store starch in roots and tubers

Site of photosynthesis (where chlorophyll actually do stuff)

membranous sacs, the thing that stack up. forms a granum

internal fluid of a chromoplast

tranmission is for going through, scanning is surface

Produce hydrogen peroxide as byproduct, produce
metabolic compartmnet

Hollow rods of tubules. Maintain cell shape, dimer

Microtubules grow out of centrosomes, near nucleus

Ring of microtubules

Hairs on eukaryotic cells that do movement, driven by dynein

Maintain cell shape, resist internal forces, form cortex inside cell to support shape.

Subunits of microfilaments

motor proteins in microfilaments

Made of actin, asists amoeba movements

Circular flow of cytoplasm in cells. Speeds distribution of materials within the cell

More permenant cytoskeleton than other two features. shape and fix organelles in place

extracelluar structure that distinguish plant cell and animal cells.
celluose fibers embeded in other polysacharide and protein

Primary cell wall, middle lamella, secondary cell wall
Plasmodestomata channels between adjacent plant cells

Basically cell walls but for animal cells
Made of glycoproteins, bind to receptor proteins called integrins

most abundant glycoprotein in extracelluar matrix, form strong fiber outside of cell

consist of small core protein and carbohydrate chain

Channels between plant cell walls. water and small solute pass through

Membranes of neighbhoring cells are pressed, preventing leak of extracelluar fluid

Fasten cell together into strong sheets

I already know what this is from psych

plasma membrane allow some things to come in, restrict others

contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts (like phospholipids)

Plasma membrane is bilayer

plasma membrane Bilayer phospholipid with fatty material

Realized that plasma membrane is actually mosiac of proteins scattered in bilayer

Splits phospholipid layer up to allow for study

Phospholipids shake up and down laterally very often
Flips layer upside down every once a long time
unsaturated lipids makes more fluid

very useful in cell-cell recognition

Determined in ER
helps cell survive in conditions

channel proteins that allow water passage

Diffusion of water across slectively permeable membrane ( lower solute concentration to higher)

ability for solution to gain or lose water

Solute concentration uniform

plant cells in hypotonic solutions, having firm structures

Chemical and electrical force that drives diffusion of ion

transport proteins that generate voltages. Eg: proton pump

when diffusion of one solute accidentally drives another

any molecule that specifically bind to receptor site of another molecule

celluar drinking, take up extracelluar fluid into tiny vesicles