GATech BIOS 1208 Unit 3 - Chemical & Electrical Signals

The molecule that binds to a receptor

The site that a ligand binds to

Chemical signaling through direct contact (Gap junctions in animals, plasmodesmata in plants)

Chemical signaling where a cell signals itself

Chemical signaling where a cell signals a nearby cell

Chemical signaling where a signal travels through the bloodstream

Signals released into the environment to act on another individual

Small proteins that are hydrophilic hormones

Modified amino acids that are hydrophilic hormones

Small organic compounds with characteristic ring structures that are hydrophobic hormones

Gases capable of acting as ligands that are hydrophobic hormones

The intracellular process of a cell responding to signals through signaling pathways or signaling cascades

The process where small amounts of hormones produce hundreds of strands of mRNA and proteins

The original signal is amplified as a result of the hormone being received

The original signal is inhibited as a result of the hormone being received

When two signals are received at the same time, the outcome can be different than if they were received separately

The process by which individual cells can monitor the density of their population, caused by an autoinducer hormone

Locations where animal hormones are produced

"Master Gland" at the base of the brain

Gland located in the neck that produces hormones to regulate metabolism and growth

Two glands on the kidneys which produce different hormones

Outer part of the adrenal glands responsible for producing mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

Steroid hormones that increase reabsoprtion by kidneys to regulate water balance

Steroid hormones that deal with long-term stress response by increasing blood glucose levels through the liver

Gland that produces epinephrine

Adrenaline, the fight or flight hormone that increases heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels

Gland located between the stomach and small intestine that releases insulin and glucagon

Hormone that decreases blood glucose levels by promoting uptake in liver and muscle cells

Hormone that increases blood glucose levels by promoting breakdown of glycogen

Gland found in the ovaries and testes that produces sex steroid hormones

Disease resulting from impaired insulin production

Technical term for high blood glucose levels

Technical term for low blood glucose levels

Growth and development hormone (T4)

Growth and development hormone, specifically initiates metamorphosis in vertebrates like amphibians (T3)

Gland in insects that produces juvenile hormone

Hormone responsible for signaling the prothoracic gland in insects

Gland in insects that releases ecdysone

Hormone in insects that promotes either molting or metamorphosis

Stored glucose that helps with short-term stress

Hormone that works with epinephrine to keep you alert and focused

Hormone that regulates the stress hormone cortisol

Steroids that mediate long-term stress response

The youth hormone and growth regulator in plants

Movement in response to light

Movement in response to gravity

Inhibition of lateral bud formation

Inhibition of falling leaves

The cell division hormone in plants

The growth hormone in plants responsible for stem, fruit, and seed growth and breaking dormancy in seeds

The dormancy hormone in plants

The aging hormone in plants that promotes fruit ripening, flower wilting, and leaf abscission

Molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of light (Retinal is one of these)

Blue light receptors in plants

The hypothesis behind phototropism, stating that auxin lowers pH which activates expansin, making the cell wall more flexible

Type of light that causes plants to grow towards light

Type of light that indicates shade to a plant

Chemoprotein responsible for red light and far-red light detection

An enzyme that breaks down starch

Specialized organelles that store starch granules

Plant response to a touch stimulus, seen in vines or venus fly traps

Specialized cells that can transmit and receive electrical signals

Cells that support neurons

Signals that transfer information in a neuron through a rapid change in membrane potential (electric charge)

Chemical signals released as a result of an action potential, they cause action potentials in other nearby neurons

The cell body containing the nucleus and organelles of a neuron

Tree-like structures that receive neurotransmitters from other neurons

Tube-like structure where a neuron transmits an action potential

An insulator found on some axons that minimize dissipation and increases conductivity, increasing frequency of action potentials

Locations where singnals are transmitted

Space between neuron synapses

Site in a neuron where an action potential can potentially initiate

Membrane potential when a signal is not being transmitted

Difference in charge between interior and exterior of a cell

A structure that transfers sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell

A structure that allows for potassium to diffuse along its concentration gradient

The change in membrane potential from negative to positive

The change in membrane potential from positive to negative

Threshold potential

The return of membrane potential from positive back to its natural state (not more negative) following the closure of sodium channels and opening of potassium channels

Factor that affects frequency in invertebrates

The gaps between myelin that regenerate the action potential

The term for the jumping of action potential between myelin and nodes of ranvier

Channels responsible for releasing the molecules that initiate the signaling cascade resulting in the release of neurotransmitters

Action potentials that depolarize the post-synaptic membrane, making another action potential more likely

Action potentials that hyperpolarize the post-synaptic membrane, making another action potential less likely

Bundles of nervous tissue

What jellyfish have instead of a brain

Structure that processes information

Structure that transmits information

Neurons that receive information from afferent nerves and transmits information to efferent nerves

Collections of neurons that collect sensory information

Collections of neurons that carry commands to the body

Myelinated tissue in the interior of the brain

Unmyelinated tissue in the exterior of the brain

The fluid that the brain floats in

Fluid filled cavities in the center of the brain lined with glial cells

The largest part of the brain responsible for concious thought

The outer folds and ripples of the cerebrum

The thick fiber bundle that joins the hemispheres of the brain

Part of the brain that controls homeostasis and transmits sensory information

The gateway to and from the cortex in the brain

The master regulator of the body that controls the endocrine system

Part of the brain at the bottom that controlls balance and complex movements

The part of the brain that connects the rest of the brain with the spinal cord, controlling several functions of the body that are unconcious

Lobe at the front of the brain that contains the olfactory bulb and motor cortex and also contributes to speech, attention, and decision-making

Lobe at the top of the brain that is involved in speech, reading, touch, and body orientation

Lobe located at the back of the brain primarily involved in vision

Lobe located at the bottom of the brain involved in processing sounds, containing the hippocampus

The specific part of the brain the processes smells

The specific part of the brain important for planning movement

The formation and loss of neural connections

Place in the brain where short-term memories are stored

Struture in the brain responsible for turning short-term memories into long-term memories

The growth of new neurons

The growth of new synapses between neurons

The destruction of synapses between neurons

The part of the spinal cord in which sensory information is transmitted

The part of the spinal cord in which movement commands are transmitted

Part of the nervous system responsible for collecting sensory information

Part of the nervous system responsible for carrying out commands

The nervous system that sends motor commands to voluntarily controlled cells

The nervous system that sends motor commands to involuntarily controlled cells

The nervous system that controls short-term stress response

The nervous system that resets organ functions following a period of stress response

Receptors that respond to physical deformation

Receptors that respond to radiant energy (light)

Receptors that respond to specific molecules (taste and smell) also the oldest receptors

Receptors that respond to noxious stimuli, which is anything that would cause tissue damage

Receptors that respond to heat or cold

Another name for the sense of smell

Another name for the sense of taste

The name for the sense of balance and body position

Another name for the sensation of touch

What the frequency of sound waves are heard as

What the amplitute of sound waves are heard as

The part of the ear that collects sound waves

The structure in the ear that funnels sound waves to the ear drums

Structure in the ear that vibrates to transmit sound waves to the middle ear

Three bones in the ear responsible for amplifying vibrations to transmit to the inner ear

Structure in the ear that receives sound waves and contains mechanoreceptors

Flexible membrane found inside of the cochlea

The specific mechanoreceptors inside the cochlea and basilar membrane

Tiny protusions on the surface of hair cells responsible for creating action potentials when bent

System responsible for detecting position and the movement of the head

Location of hair cells involved in the vestibular system

Crystals embedded in gelatin that move in response to gravity

Gelatinous cup important for balance and head rotation

Structure in bony fish that can detect changes in pressure

Structure that invertebrates use to detect balance

Dense particles that activate hair cells as they move around

Wavelengths of light are perceived as different

Light wave amplitude is perceived as

Eyes found in flatworms that can detect direction of a light source

Eyes found in arthropods that contain multiple lenses and cones and can detect shapes, patterns, and movements

Eyes found in nautilus that have no lens and can see simple, low-resolution images

Eyes found in cephalopods and vertebrates that contain a single lens and can produce high-resolution images

Transparent sheet of connective tissue in the eye, functions alongside the lens to focus light on the retina

Pigmented ring of muscle that controls the amount of light entering the eye

Hole in the center of the iris

Crystalline, curved structure that focuses light on the cornea

Thin layer of photoreceptor cells and neurons in the eye

Light-detecting sensory cells

Site of retina with only cones, the highest area of visual resolution in the eye

Axons of the ganglion cells make up the

Light-absorbing pigment molecule found in opsin

Protein that contains retinal

The complex containing opsin and retinal that allows us to detect light and color

The four types of opsin

The opsin found exclusively in rods that are useful for detecting movement

A network of filaments that supports the plasma membrane, gives a cell its shape, positions organelles, allows the cell to move, etc.

Filaments that serve as the tracks for the motor protein myosin

Tubulin proteins that serve as the tracks for the motor proteins kinesine and dynein

Proteins that use ATP to "walk along" cytoskeletal filaments, essential for the movement of vesicles and transportation of proteins

Motor protein associated with actin microfilaments and helps move muscles

Motor protein associated with tubulin microfilaments and helps move cilia and flagella

Motor protein associated with tubulin microtubulues and helps move vesicles and other cargos

Long, hair-like structures that are used to move an entire cell

Shorter structures found in large quantities that helps move materials along the cell surface

Muscles that attach to bone and skin and control conscious movement

Muscle found in the walls of hollow organs and is involuntary muscle

Muscle found only in the heart to maintain blood pressure

Cells that are the reason the heart can beat without the nervous system's assistance

Structure within cardiac muscle that enables rapid action potentials to occur

Another name for each skeletal muscle cell

Structures within muscle fibers that contain sarcomeres

Structure within muscle fibers that contain a thick filament of myosin and a thin filament of actin that together cause contractions

The structures that anchor actin filaments on both sides

Structure that marks the center of the myosin filament

Proteins that block the binding sites on both ends of the actin milament to prevent interactions when the muscles are at rest

Protein that is regulated by calcium, and regulates tropomyosin

Name for endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells

Neurotransmitter released by a neuron to depolarize a muscle cell

Tubulues that carry the action potential initiated by the depolarization of the muscle cell into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Mineral responsible for the initiation of muscle contraction

The maximum tension possible for a muscle

Fibers that rely on oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP, are often very slow to exhaust

Fibers that rely on glycolysis to generate ATP, are quick to fatigue

Muscles adapted for bursts of activity, composed of glycolytic muscle fibers

Muscles adapted for long-lived activities like supporting the body, composed of oxidative muscle fibers

Muscles must exist in these in order for a muscle to be pushed in on itself

Opposing muscle that pulls bones together

Opposing muscle that straightens two bones

Skeleton formed by the coelom found in soft-bodied animals, no constraints on contraction width

External skeleton that consists of a hard encasement found in mollusks and arhtropods, muscles are jointed, and muscles have a limit on contraction width

Internal skeleton that consists of hard, mineralized structures found in sponges, echinoderms, and chordates, muscles are jointed, and muscles do not have a constraint on contraction width

Part of the skeletal system in vertebrates consisting of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

Part of the skeletal system in vertebrates consisting of the shoulders, limb bones, pectoral girdle, and the pelvic girdle