GATech BIOS 1208 Unit 4 - Nutrition & Transport

Nutrients that cannot be synthesized by an organism

Loosely packed soil with lots of air pockets

Nutrients that can stimulate growth and development, but are not required

Essential nutrients required in large amounts

Essential nutrients required in smaller amounts

Major Macronutrient Elements

Major element in all macromolecules

Element that makes up 12% of the dry weight in cells, component in many moleules

Two elements that are part of many compounds

Element required for the synthesis of nucleotides

Element that's part of some amino acids and several vitamins

Yellowing of the leaves due to deficiencies

Organic source of of carbon for herbivores and omnivores (but not carnivores)

Dietary source of nitrogen and sulfur (and carbon for carnivores)

Significant nutrient source of chemical energy

Protein building blocks

Fat building blocks

Organic compounds needed in small amounts

Inorganic compounds needed in small amounts

Organisms that digest food within animals

Side pouch of the large intestine housing baceria that ferment plant fibers

Fertmentation vat within the digestive tract, housing bacteria and protists for cellulose

Stomach-like chamber that combines powerful contractions as well as grit to break down food

Organic matter that makes up 5% of soil volume

Inorganic matter from rock, comprises 45-50% of soil volume

50% of soil volume that's not rock

Particles larger than 2.0 mm in diameter

Particles between 0.02 and 2.0 mm in diameter

Particles between 0.002 and 0.02 mm in diameter

Particles less than 0.002 mm in diameter

Soil composed of a mixture of sand, silt, and hummus

Soil that retains water well, but is very dense, making penetration difficult

Near-ideal soil for plant roots, with high concentration of nutrients, high water retention, and loose soil packing

Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

Diffusion through a protein channel, for molecules too large or polar to cross the membrane

Movement of a molecule against its concentration gradient, requires ATP

Proteins that uses ATP to pump protons from one side of a membrane to another, creating an electrochemical gradient

Movement of two molecules at the same time, one transported down its concentration gradient, which releases energy to move the other up its concentration gradient

Co-Transporters that transport two molecules in the same direction

Co-Transporters that transport two molecules in opposite directions

Specific bacteria capable of nitrogen-fixation

Fungi with hyphae that wrap around the epidermal root cells

Fungi with hyphae that can penetrate the cell walls of plant root cells

Units of pressure

A measure of potential energy in water

Water will always flow into cells through osmosis as plant cells have negative this

Positive pressure inside the cell contained by the cell wall creates this

Shared cytoplasm where water transports in cytoplasm through plasmodesmata

Water moving through water channels present in the cell plasma membranes

Water moving through porous cell walls

Location in roots that forces water and solutes to cross the plasma membrane of endodermal cells

Secretion of water droplets from stomata in leaves

Movement of sugars from production areas (Source) to storage areas (Sink)

The movement of water / sugars from source to sink via high pressure

Sugar transportation model in plants

Cells in the phloem that transport sugars throughout the plant

Cells in the phloem that use a proton pump to create an electrochemical gradient

Cotransport that couples the movement of a proton down its gradient and the movement of sucrose against its concentration gradient

The taking in of food

Chemically and mechanically breaking down food

Taking the nutrients from the food into the body

The release of waste from the body into the environment

Site of digestion, the breaking down of food can sometimes occur at this location

Part of body that transports swallowed food from the mouth to the next site in the digestive tract, typically the stomach

Location in birds and many invertebrates that stores food prior to digestion

The location where most chemical and mechanical digestion occurs, using powerful contractions and digestive enzymes

Last site of chemical digestion, location where nutrients are absorbed, mediated by the liver and pancreas

Location that absorbs 90% of water used in digestion, reabsorbs salt used in digestion, and hosts many mirobes that create vitamins

Enzyme that breaks down starches produced by the mouth and pancreas

Ezymes that break down lipids via emulsification, produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

Enzyme that breaks down lipids, produced by the mouth, stomach, and pancreas

Enzyme that breaks down nucleic acids produced in the pancreas

Enzyme that breaks down proteins produced in the stomach

Two enzymes that break down proteins produced in the pancreas

Chewed up food

Liquid mixture of partially digested food

Structures in small intestine that create a very high surface area

Air composition

Pressure at sea level

Tiny blood vessels that bring blood to the respiratory surface for gas exchange

Air is brought into the respiratory system

Oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is expelled

The movement of gas into and out of tissues via a circulatory fluid

Method of breathing used by Cnidaria and Flatworms

Method of breathing used by Annelids and Amphibians

Respiratory organs used by insects that does not involve the circulatory system

Openings in insects that allow air to enter and leave the system

Outgrowths of the body surface in fish and other aquatic animals used for gas exchange, the most efficient breathing organ

Lungs that supplement gas exchange via the skin, supported by positive pressure, where air is forced into the mouth

Lungs that are under negative pressure, the most efficient of all vertebrate lung systems due to unidirectional flow and cross-current exchange

Lungs that are under negative pressure, far less efficient that bird lungs, gas exchange only occurs during inhalation and there's a large amount of dead space

Small sacs where gas exchange takes place in mammals

Protein in red blood cells that can carry four oxygen

It's easier for a hemoglobin to bind a second and third oxygen molecule to the first

The decreased affinity of hemoglobin due to a lower pH or higher carbon dioxide concentration

Fluid that facilitates nutrient and gas exchange

Blood vessels that distribute blood throughout the body

Fluid equivalent to blood in open circulatory systems that directly bathes organs

Heart with one atrium and one ventricle, found in fish

Heart with two atria and one ventricle, found in amphibians and reptiles

Heart with two atria and two ventricles, found in mammals and birds, where oxygenated blood in fully separated from deoxygenated blood

Arteries diverge into these, which then diverge into capillaries

Sites for the exchange of nutrients, waste, and gas

Capillaries converge into these, which converge into veins

The narrowing of blood cells that increases blood pressure

The widening of blood cells that decreases blood pressure

Small muscles located at the start of each capillary bed that allow the bed to be bypassed if contracted

Watery, connective tissue

Cells that contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the circulatory system

A blue-green copper-containing protein found in mollusks, crustaceans, and arthropods

A green iron-containin protein found in four families of tubeworms

A red iron-containing protein found in some polychaeta worms and annelids

Cells involved in immune system response

Cell fragments that work with other factors to promote cell clotting

Upper chamber of the heart

Lower chamber of the heart

Valves that separate the atrium and ventricle

Valves that separate the ventricle from the associated arteries

The circuit in the right side of the heart that transports blood through the lungs

The circuit in the left side of the heart that transports blood through the body

The vein that carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest into the lungs

The vein that carries blood from the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen and pelvis

The right atrioventricular (AV) valve

The right semilunar (SL) valve

The left atrioventricular (AV) valve

The left semilunar (SL) valve

Contraction phase of the heartbeat

Relaxation phase of the heartbeat

Specialized muscle cells that compose the heart

Discs that spread the heartbeat's action potential in unison

Cells that initiate the cardiac cycle

Location of the pacemaker cells

Node that pauses the potential for 0.1 second

Heart rate times stroke volume

Mechanoreceptors located in the aorta which signal the brain stem causing increased cardiac output, constricted capillary beds in non-essential tissues, and constricted veins in the circulatory system