GATech BIOS 1208 Unit 2 - Growth & Reproduction

Development of an organism's overall shape

Cell-to-Cell Communication

Growth of a new cell from an older cell

A mature organism splits into fragments that grow into new organisms.

Development of an unfertilized egg into a new organism

Fertilized egg splits to create identical clones

Growth of new organisms without spores or gametes in plants

In what conditions will organisms that can reproduce both sexually and asexually prefer to reproduce sexually?

The concept that some organisms can be choosy about reproducing

Males and females are distinct from one another due to this

Characteristic differences between males and females due to sexual dimorphism

Direct Male Competition

Intrasexual selection where males fight physically

Intrasexual selection where males engage in dances or create elaborate nests

Intrasexual selection where many males gather and display at the same time

Female Choice

Hypothesis as for why females choose males with more showy characteristics

A male remaining by a female until the eggs are fertilized

Sticky residue that blocks the female reproductive tract

Structures that can remove the sperm of previous males

A large amount of ejaculate can flush out that of previous males

The ability of a female to choose which sperm fertilizes her eggs

Effort from one or both parents to increase the offspring's survival rate

One male and one female are paired for the season or longer

One male or female with many females or males

One male with many females

One female with many males

Many males mate with many females

Where males produce sperm

Where males store sperm

Female eggs that mature in the ovaries

A sac that females can store sperm in for later fertilization found in insects and mollusks

A feature that functions as the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems in birds and reptiles

An organ that houses developing offspring found in females, some species have multiple

The production of gametes

Produces and develops eggs

Site of fertilization, transports eggs to uterus

Passage between uterus and vagina

The gland that produces FSH and LH

Structures that the egg develops in inside of the ovaries

The ruptured follicle that prevents fertilization

Egg Production

Egg Stem Cells

Immature, diploid egg cells produced by the division of oogonia

The reason that oocytes only produce one egg after meiosis

Hormone that promotes the development of egg cells

Hormone that promotes the release of the most mature egg

Hormone that suppresses the release of FSH and LH to allow for fertilization

Hormone that enhances the activation and suppression of follicles, among other things

Phase of the Ovarian Cycle where eggs mature in follicles

Phase of the Ovarian Cycle where a mature follicle ruptures to release an egg

The phase of the Ovarian Cycle where the corpus luteum suppresses the growth and release of other follicles

Hormone released upon a fertilized egg implanting, preventing the degredation of the corpus luteum

Structure that carries and supports testes

Structure that contributes to 60% of semen's composition (Alkaline Solution, Mucus, Fructose, Ascorbic Acid, Prostaglandins)

Structure that contributes to 30% of semen's composition (Citrate, PSA)

Structures that clean the urethra at ejaculation

Specific structure within the testes responsible for the production of sperm

Cells that protect the sperm stem cells

Cells that produce testosterone and regulate sperm development

Location where sperm is transferred during ejaculation and forms the ejaculatory duct with the seminal vesicles duct

Group of lipids that stimulate muscle contractions in the uterus

Organic compound that promotes sperm motility

Sperm Production

Sperm Stem Cells

Cells in the process of becoming spermatids and eventually sperm

Immature sperm cells

Hormone that's released when sperm count is too high

Birth control that blocks the production of FSH and LH through progesterone

Birth control implant that creates a toxic environment for sperm

Birth control that seals the oviducts

The union of gametes to form a zygote

Rapid rounds of mitotic cell division

Movement of cells to create tissue layers

Organ and tissue formation via division and differentiation

Structure composed of glycoproteins that attracts sperm to the egg

Second membrane outside of the cell membrane of the egg

Vesicle containing enzymes that will degrade the proteins holding the vitelline envelope

Species-specific proteins that will bind to egg membrane receptors

Organelle containing enzymes that will degrade the jelly layer of the egg

The fusion of more than one sperm with an egg, will result in zygote death

Part of fertilization that allows for a sperm to fuse with the egg

Fast block for polyspermy

Part of fertilization which degrades the bindin receptors

Slow block to polyspermy, where the vitelline envelope is pulled away

A zygote evolves into these smaller cleavage-stage cells

The name for an embryo composed of at least 100 blastomeres

The first embryonic tissue

Yolk-filled cavity inside the blastoderm

The mammalian blastula

outer layer of blastocyst that will become the embryonic portion of the placenta

mRNAs or Proteins that are asymmetrically distributed, resulting in cells with different information and functions

When yolk is heavy enough to sink and influence the development of a head and body

The embryo when it has three tissue layers following the blastula

The embryonic gut formed by the endoderm

Nervous System, Skin Epidermis, Epithelial Lining of Mouth and Rectum

Muscle Cells, Skeletal Cells, Circulatory System, Reproductive Organs

Internal Organs, Liver, Pancreas, Epithelial Lining of Digestive and Respiratory Systems

Tightly packed sheets of cells that cover surfaces and line body cavities

Cells suspended in some form of matrix to support and connect other tissues

Keeps the body upright and allows for movement, contains actin and myosin

Involved in sensing stimuli and transmitting information, made of neurons and glia

Embryonic tissue protecting the embryo from shock and supports hydration

Embryonic tissue that facilitates gas exchange and respiration

Embryonic tissue that stores nitrogenous waste and assists in respiration

Transports nutrients from the yolk into the embryo

The embryonic precursor to the central nervous system

Structure that signals the neural plate to form a neural tube

Structures formed by mesoderm that eventually become bones

Genes that determine body axes and segmentation

Structures that protect flower buds before they open

Brightly colored leaves that attract pollinators

Male plant reproductive structures containing anthers and filaments

Plant structure that contains microsporangia

Plant structure that produces microspores that develop into male gametophytes

Female plant reproductive structure made of the stigma, style, and ovary

Structure that produces megaspores that develop into the female gametophyte

Plant structure where pollen is deposited

Plant structure that connects the stigma and ovary

Cell in mature pollen that grows into the stigma down into the ovary

Cell in mature pollen that travels through the tube cell and divides into two sperm cells

Cells in the embryo sac that will degenerate for nourishment

Two cells in the embryo sac that will eventually form the triploid endosperm

The area of the embryo sac where sperm enters

Two cells in the embryo sac on either side of the egg cell that guide the pollen tube

Different methods by which plants are pollinated

Pollination Syndrome for Bees, Butterflies, Wasps, or Flies

Pollination Syndrome for Moths and Bats

Pollination Syndrome for Birds

Pollination Syndrome for Wind

The basal cell of a plant zygote that acts as a route for nutrition from plant to embryo

Embryonic leaves which serve as energy and nutrient storage

The process of dehydrating a seed and slowing metabolism

Dispersal through "explosions" out of the plant

Dispersal through wing or umbrella-like appendages

Dispersal through light and buoyant fruits

Dispersal through either hooked fruits or very sweet fruits

Dispersal for fruits that are specifically very brightly colored

Dispersal for fruits that are specifically very highly scented

A plant hormone that forms a gradient, serving a function similar to a cytoplasmic determinant

Embryonic plant structure that will develop into the stem

Embryonic plant structure that will develop into the roots

System that supports the plant absorbs water and minerals, typically underground

System consisting of stems, leaves, and reproductive parts, usually aboveground

A main root that grows straight down, common in dicots

Dense network of roots closer to the surface, common in monocots

Roots for storing starch

Aboveground roots that provide additional support

Aboveground roots that facilitate gas exchange for plants in oxygen-poor water

Roots that collect water and nutrients from air and dust

Roots of parasitic plants that burrow into another plant

Points of attachments for leaves and flowers on a stem

Regions of the stem between two nodes

Site of new growth on a stem, containing the apical meristem

Buds present where the leaf meets the stem, may be a site for more growth

Soft and typically green stems

Hard and wooded stems

A single stem

Stems with divisions and side stems

Structure that attaches leaves to the stem

Tissues in plants that are functionally equivalent to stem cells in animals

Tissues that are any plant cells no longer actively dividing

Tissues that protect and cover the plant, controlling gas exchange and water absorption

Plant tissue that transports water, minerals, and sugars through the xylem and phloem

Plant tissues that carry out multiple functions based on location

Cells that provide protection and prevent water loss in dermal tissue

Two cells that control each leaf stomata in dermal tissue

Extensions of root epidermal cells, contributing to water absorption in dermal tissue

Hair-like structures that defend against herbivores and reduce water loss in dermal tissue

Water conducting cell found in the xylem / vascular tissue

Perforated water conducting cells found in the xylem / vascular tissue that are not tracheids

Cells that conduct sugars and other compounds, connected by sieve plates in the phloem / vascular tissue

Cells that share cytoplasm with sieve cells providing metabolic support in the phloem / vascular tissue

Most ground tissues in leaves are composed of these these cells

Root center sugar storage

Root periphery sugar storage

Parenchyma cells that serve as a checkpoint for materials entering the roots

A waxy substance found on the walls of endodermal cells

Parenchyma cells can also be foundin the phloem in this form

Cells that provide structural support in growing regions of the shoot system

Cells that are a primary component of wood

Plants with a single cotyledon, long narrow leaves, parallel veins, scattered vascular bundles, and floral parts in bundles of three

Plants with two cotyledon, broad leaves, network of veins, ringed vascular bundles, and floral parts in bundles of four or five

Regions of continuous cell division and growth in plants

Tissues located at the tips of stems and roots

Overall name for tissues that facilitate growth in the thickness of plants

Found only in monocots, tissues that allow for the continuous growth of the primary leaf from the base, even if cut

Growth that makes the plant longer

Growth that makes the plant wider

A continuously replaced structure that protects the tip of the roots

Layer of parenchyma cells that surround the vascular cylinder

Secondary meristems that contribute to the majority of secondary growth

The outermost lateral meristem found in woody plants

A layer of cells produced by the cork cambium that grow inwards

The collective term for the cork cambium, cork cells, and phelloderm

Nonfunctional Xylem

Functional Xylem