1Epicardium
outer lining of heart (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
2outer lining of heart (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
Epicardium
3Myocardium
cardiac muscle cells (heart muscle)
4cardiac muscle cells (heart muscle)
Myocardium
5Endocardium
inner lining of heart (covers valves; continous with blood vessel lining)
6inner lining of heart (covers valves; continous with blood vessel lining)
Endocardium
7Pericarditis
inflammation of pericardium
8Myocarditis
inflammation of the myocardium
9Endocarditis
inflammation of endocardium (often confined to heart valves- valve impairment)
10inflammation of endocardium (often confined to heart valves- valve impairment)
Endocarditis
11Broad superior portion of heart (attachment site of great vessels)
base
12inferior, blunt point of heart (just above diaphragm)
apex
13double walled sac that encloses (fibrous and serous)
pericardium
14fluid-filled spoace between two layers of serous pericardium
pericardial cavity
15seperates right and left atrium
interatrial septum
16what is the remnat of the fetal heart?
fossa ovalis
17seperates right and left ventricle
interventricular septum
18what are the two large veins that empty blood into right atrium
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
19What are the small, thin-walled receiving chambers?
Atrium
20Auricles and pectinate muscles
Atrium
21What are the four veins that empty blood into left atrium?
Right and left pulmonary veins
22What are the thick-walled pumping chambers of the heart?
Right and left Ventricles (with trabeculae carneae)
23Right Ventricle pumps blood to the lungs via the…
Pulmonary Trunk
24Left Ventricle pumps blood to the whole body via the…
Aorta
25Right AV Valve- Right atrium to ventricle
Tricuspid Valve
26Left AV Valve- left atrium to ventricle
Mitral/Bicuspid Valve
27Right Semilunar Valve- right ventricle to pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary Valve
28Left Semilunar Valve- left ventricle to aorta
Aortic Valve
29_______ anochers the cusps to_____?
Chordae tendineae; papillary muscles
30what belongs to the pulmonary circut?
blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs
31what belongs to the systemic circut?
blood vessels that carry blood to adn from all body tissues
32First heart sound is heard at the closing of..
AV valves
33Second hear sound is heard at the closing of..
Semilunar valves
34Aortic Valve
sounds best heard in the 2nd intercostal space at the right sternal border
35Pulmonary Valve
sounds are best heard in the 2nd Intercostal space at the left sternal border
36Erb’s Point
general listening spot; 3rd intercostal space at the left sternal border
37Tricuspid Valve
sounds are best heard at 4th intercostal space at left sternal border
38Mitral Valve
sounds are best heard at 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line
39What are heart murmers?
abnormal heart sound (usually incompetent or stenotic valve)
40Contraction of heart (ventricles)
Systole
41Relaxation of heart (ventricles)
Diastole
42 describe anatomical differences of the ventricles (EQUAL volume, DIFFERENT workloads)
Pulmonary Circuit: Short, low pressure circulation and the muscle wall of right ventricle is thin. Systemic Circuit: Long, high pressure circulation and muscle wall of left ventricle is three times thicker
43Cardiac muscles cells are also called what?
cardiac myocytes or cardiocytes
44Features of Cardiocytes
short, fat, branched, striated, 1 to 2 central nuclei, involuntary
45How are cardiac myocytes connected?
Intercalated discs, desomosomes, and gap junctions
46cardiac muscle cells contain numerous, large ______
Mitochondria (25-35% of cell volume)
47Sarocplasmic reticulum is much ____ than in skeletal muscle
simpler
48Pacemake cells (1% of cardiac myocytes) have ____
Autorhythmicity
49What does Autorhythmicity mean?
contract and conduct impluses without external stimulation
50Describe the mechnanism of cardiac contraction
cardiac myocytes are triggered to contract when calcium ions enter into the sarcoplasm. Calcium entry signals Sarcoplasmic reticulum to release its calcium ions. Contraction occurs being the sliding filament mechanism.
51SA Node
Primary Pacemaker; generates HR of 75 bpm; sinus rhythm
52AV Node
delays impluse for 0.1 sec to allow for atrial contraction; generates HR of 40-60 bpm
53After Purkinje fibers have distributed impluses throughout the ventricles, ventricular contraction immediatly follows from ____ toward the _____
Apex; atria
54Irreguar heart rhythms
arrhythmia
55rapid, irregular contractions
fibrillation
56abnormal pacemaker (anything other than SA as main)
Ectopic Focus
57premature ventricular contraction
Extrasystole
58condition in which ventricle does not receive pacing impulse (partial or total)
Heart Block
59What modifies heartbeat through cardiac centers in the medulla?
ANS (para and symp)
60How does Sympathetic NS effect heartbeat?
Increases heart rate and contraction force (impluses from cardioacceleratory center)
61How does the Parasympathetic NS effect heartbeat?
Decreases heart rate (via vagus nerve- impluses from cardioinhibitory center)
62All Cardiac veins drain into ____ , which drains into _____
Coronary Sinus; Right Atrium
63When do coronary arteries recieve most blood?
Diastole
64Thoracic pain caused by temporary deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium
Angina Pectoris
65Prolonged coronary blockage that leads to cell death
Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)
66What is Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?
failure of either ventricle to eject blood effectively
67What occurs if the Left Ventricle fails?
Blood backs up into Lungs; Pulmonary edema (pulmonary congestion)
68What occurs if the Right Ventricle fails?
Blood backs up into Body tissues; Systemic edema (systemic congestion)