Urinary Ch 24

Maintain chemical compostion of the blood; filter many liters of fliud from blood; send toxins, metabolic waste, and excess water out of body

urea, uric acid, creatinine

Kidneys- forms urine; Ureters- transport urine to bladder; Urinary Bladder- temporarily stores urine; Urethra- transports urine out of the body

Retroperitoneal- right kidney lower than left

renal fascia; perirenal fat capsule; fibrous (renal) capsule

outer fibrous connective tissue, anchors kidney to surrounding structures

fatty cushion around kidney for insulation and protection

smooth membrane, tightly encloses kidney; prevents spread of infection

outer region of kidney that contains nephrons

inner region of kidney; composed of 6-10 renal pyramids

inward extensions of cortical tissue that seperate pyramids

tip of pyramid that releases urine into minor calyx

cup-shaped structure that drains pyramids at papillae

collects urine from minor calyces and empties it into renal pelvis

funnel-shaped tube that collects all urine and is continous with ureter

1/4 of cardiac output = 1200 mL

courses along renal arteries- regulates renal blood flow by adjusting the diameter of renal ARTERIOLES

Aorta- renal artery- segmental artery- interlobar artery- arcuate artery- cortical radiate artery- afferent arteriole- glomerulus- efferent arteriole- Peritubular capillaries/vasa recta- cortical radiate vein- arcuate vein- interlobar vein- renal vein- inferior vena cava

1800 L/day

10% is filtered- 180 L/d and only 1.5 L/d of urine is formed

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

produces cell-free and protien-free filtrate in renal corpuscle

returns useful substances from filtrate to blood in renal tubule

moves unneeded substances and wastes from blood to filtrate in renal tubule

the structural and functional units of the kidneys that form urine (> 1 million/kidney)

Renal corpuscle (filters blood plasma) and renal tubule (processes filtrate into urine)

Glomerulus (tuft of fenestrated capillaries) and Glomerular capsule (cup-shaped, hollow strucutre surrounding glomerulus)

Parietal layer (contributes to structure), Visceral layer (covers glomerulus- podocytes), and Capsular space (filtrate collects here)

Proximal convoluted tube (PCT)- 65% of filtrate REabsorption and some secretion; Nephron loop (loop of henle)- 15% of filtrate REabsorption; Distal convoluted tube (DCT)- more SECretion than reabsorption and HORmone regulation

receive filtrate from many nephrons and adjust final composition and concentration

Glomerular endothelial cells (fenstrated), basement membrane (fused), foot processes of podocytes (w/ filtration slits)

Glomerular capsule- PCT- nephron loop- DCT- collecting duct- papilla- minor calyx- major calyx- renal pelvis- ureter- bladder- urethra

85% of nephrons, almost entirely in cortex, important for tubular reabsorption and secretion (glomerulus & peritubular capillaries)

15%; nephron loops deeply invade medulla, establish salinity gradient; important in formation of concentrated urine (glomerulus & vasa recta)

Glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, and vasa recta

specialized for filtration; fed by afferent and drain by efferent

low pressure, porous; adapted for absorption of water and solutes; belong to CORTICAL nephron

parralel to long nephron loops; important in salinity gradient of concentrated urine; belong to JUXTAMEDULLARY nephron

Juxataglomerular Complex (JGC)

chemoreceptors that monitor NaCl content

mechanoreceptors that monitor blood pressure

muscular tubes (retroperitoneal); activly transport urine from kidneys to bladder

at an angle, preventing blackflow

Renal calculi; form in renal pelvis

Vesicoureteral Reflux

muscular sac (retroperitoneal) for temporary storage of urine

triangular area on bladder floor, marked by ureter openings and urethra

moderately full- 500 mL; max- 1000 mL

Male- 20 cm; Female- 3-4 cm

thickened part of detrusor around urethra, involuntary smooth muscle

skeletal muscle which encircles urethra, voluntary control

(urination/ voiding) is controlled by spinal reflexes and two pontine control centers