1What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
Returns fluids and plasma protiens that leaked from blood vessels back to blood
2What is the main function of the immune system?
Protects body from foreign organisms by fighting infections and conferring immunity to disease
3Lymphatic system consits of…
Lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymph nodes
4Immune System consists of…
lymphocytes, lymphoid tissues, and lymphoid organs
5What is Lymph?
Interstitial fluid within lymphatic vessels
6Describe the direction of the lymphatic vessels..
one way system which lymph only follows toward heart
7In order from smallest to largest list the parts of the lymphatic system
lymphatic capillaries, collecting lymphatic vessels, lymphatic trunks, lymphatic ducts
8List the two Lymphatic ducts
Right Lymphatic Duct and Thoracic Duct
9Thoracic Duct
Empties lymph into junction of L subclavian vein and L internal jugular vein; arises at cisterna chyli and drains rest of body
10Right Lymphatic Duct
Empties lymph into junction of R subclavian vein and R internal jugular vein; drains right upper limb and right side of head and thorax
11Lacteals
specialized lymph capillaries in small intestine that absorb fat
12Lymphatic capillaries
Similar to blood capillaries, except highly permeable; blind-ended overlapping endothelial cells form minivalves
13Collecting Lymphatic Vessels
collect lymph from lymphatic capillaries; many internal valves, frequent anastomoses, flow through many lymph nodes
14Lymphatic Trunks and list them
drains major portions of the body; RL jugular trunk, RL subclavian trunk, RL bronchomediastinal trunk, RL lumbar trunk, 1 intestinal trunk
15Where are superficial lymph nodes located?
inguinal, axillary, and cervial regions
16where are deep lymph nodes located?
tracheobronchial, aortic, and iliac
17Lymph Nodes emmbedded in _______ in ____ among _____ ______
CT; clusters; lymphatic vessels
18What are the functions of Lymph Nodes?
Cleanse lymph (macrophages) and activates immune system (lymphocytes)
19How does lymph enter/exit/flow through node?
enters convex side via Afferent lymphatic vessels, travels through lymph sinuses, and exits concave side via FEWER efferent lymphatic vessels
20Decribe a Lymph node
Bean-shaped; external fibrous capsule; trabeculae that extend inward and divide node into compartments containing lymphatic follicles with germinal centers
21Main warriors of immune system that protect us agaisnt antigens
Lymphocytes
22Where do T cells mature?
Thymus
23Where do B cells mature?
Bone Marrow
24What can Antigens be?
bacteria, bacteria toxins, viruses, mismatched RBC’s, or cancer cells, etc…
25What are the two major populations of T cells?
CD4 cells and CD8 cells
26What can CD4 cells become?
Helper T-cells, Regulatory T-cells, or CD4 Memory cells
27What can CD8 cells become?
Cytotoxic T-cells or CD8 Memory cells
28What can B-cells become?
Plasma cells (effectory cells that secrete antibodies) or Memory B-cells
29What is the first line of defense?
Surface barriers- skin, mucous membranes
30What is the second line of defense?
Internal defense- phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial protiens, fever
31What is the third line of defense?
Humoral (B cells) and Cellular (T cells) Immunity
32What are the primary targets of B cells?
extracellular pathogens (outside cell)
33What are the primary targets of T cells?
Intracellular pathogens (inside cell- cancer cells)
34What are the primary lymphoid organs? (site of T/B cell maturation)
Thymus, Bone marrow
35What are the secondary lymphoid organs? (tissues that are populated with mature cells)
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix
36Functions of the Thymus
site of T cell maturation into immunocompent; secretes hormones that cause T cell maturation and proliferation (thymosin)
37Organ’s that is most important function early in life and then atrophies over time
Thymus
38Largest lymphiod organ
Spleen
39Functions of spleen
removes old or defective RBCs, platelets from blood; stores platelets, monocytes, and breakdown products of RBCs; site of fetal RBC development; provides site of lymphocytes proliferation and immune surveillance; macrophages remove foreign matter and debris
40If you could sum up the spleen’s function in a gernal statement:
The Spleen cleanses blood and activates the immune system
41Splenic artery and vein enter and exit at _____
Hilum
42Define stucture of spleen
contains fibrous capsule and trabeculae; white (lymphocytes) and red (RBC & macrophages) pulp
43MALT
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
44What is MALT?
a set of lymphoid tissues located in mucous membranes throughout the body that protct us from pathogen invasion
45where are the largest collections of MALT found?
tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix
46MALT is also found in the mucous membrane of….
respiratory, genitourinary, and digestive tract
47Tonsils
gather and remove pathogens from food and air; forms a ring of lymphatic tissue around opening to pharynx
48Adenoids
infected or enlarged pharyngeal tonsils
49Tonsillitis
infection of the palatine tonsils
50Peyer’s Patches (or aggregated lymph nodules)
clusters of lymphiod follicles in the distal portion of the small intestine
51Job of Peyer Patches
destroy bacteria (prevent breaching of intestinal wall) and generate “memory” lymphocytes
52Appendix
contains similar clusters of lymphiod follicles and has same fucntion of Peyer’s patches
53Infection of Appendix
Appendicitis
54Surgical removal of appendix
Appendectomy