BIO ANTH

Africa

Asia

Modern day humans and extinct bipedal ancestors

Comparative anatomy (match traits across fossils and living primates), shared derived traits, and fragmentary remains

Wide variation can exist within one species

small differences can reflect different niches/species

When one species directly evolves into the next

energy conservation (faster means more energy expended, humans conserve energy by walking upright), thermoregulation (less surface area exposed to sunlight), and freeing of hands for carrying items and manipulating tools

inferior foramen magnum, short upper limbs, S-curved spine, flexible lower back, broad sacrum, valgus knees, non-opposable, robust big toe

The study of the form or size and shape of things; skeletal parts

Savannah, turnover pulse, and variability selection

expansion of savannah led away from arboreal life

climate change is associated with high faunal turnover

changing environments and potential group isolation

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

6-7 MYA

2.9-3.9 MYA

5.6-2.3 MYA

New foods, cultural solutions, and behavioral changes

2.6 MYA to 11,000 years ago

2.5-1.7 MYA

meat

more advanced tools, hunting, use of fire, and colonizing new environments outside of Africa

Yes

Asia

Ice Age climate

Burial practices (bodies interred in flexed position), throat anatomy (evidence for vocal speech), ability to control vocal chords

Climate change, volcano in Europe, lack of innovation, brain differences, reproduction, and moden human expansion

Neanderthals and modern Homo Sapiens

Teeth and hard bone

Both had archaic traits in relatively modern times

climate/environment, reproduction, immune system, circadian rhythm, and brain function

Complex tools and ritual behaviors

Thinner bones, smoother features, more slender shapes, longer limb proportions

Material culture, sophistcated tools, weapons, and craftwork, brain anatomy, generalist-specialist niche (using tools and culture to dominate almost all environments/ecologies)

Human populations using boat technology to traverse the coastline for resources (kelp, breakwaters, sea urchines, abalone, seals, otters, birds, fish)

Africa (Jebel Irhoud, Morocco)

Boomerang, atlatl, archery, barbed spearheads, and fishhooks

Chromosome 3

Chromosome 12

Time of rapid change to human cultures due to the invention of agriculture, starting around 12,000 years ago

Growing human populations, warming climate/younger dryas, and centers of agriculture

a sudden and severe climate reversal from a warming trend back to glacial conditions, suggest that acute environmental changes led to the development of agriculture

The scientific study of human skeletal and dental remains from archaeological sites to understand the lives, health, and lifestyles of past populations

sedantarism, population growth, task specialization, urbanization, institutions, industrialization, globalization

Behavioral, acclimatory, and developmental

Adjustments are non-genetic ways individuals cope with environmental stressors, adaptations are traits that become common as a result of natural selection over many generations

Malaria resistance via sickle-cell balancing selection (HbSA heterozygote)

Oxygen molecules are more spread apart

A burning sensation may occur within mouth and along the digestive tract

Muscle attachment sites and openings and grooves for nerves and blood vessels

Growth and development (pubic symphysis, sternal ends of the ribs, epiphyseal union, dental developement), and degeneration (joints of pelvis, cranial vault, ribs)

Pelvis and cranium (brow ridges, nuchal crest, chin)

antemortem occurs before death; shows healing (fracture callus, unified margins), perimortem occurs at or near the time of death; lack of healing and specific fracture patterns (sharp, smooth edges and radiating fractures), postmortem occurs after death; lack og healing, jagged/light-colored broken edges, irregular, non-radiating fractures)

Taphonomy

Morbidity (sickness) is the number of cases of disease per unit of population occurring over a unit of time and mortality (death) is the number of deaths attributable to a particular cause per unit of population over a unit of time

Food (prepackaged and prepared, large quantities, low fiber and calorie dense, processed food taste appeal), and sedentarism

A way of life characterized by much sitting and little physical activity

Obesity and sugar

obesity, HPV, exposure to estrogen, high BMI, low fruit/vegetable intake, inactivity, tobacco and alcohol

poor diet, obesity, diabetes, physical inactivity, smoking and alcohol consumption, and chronic psychological stress

Syndemic

Maintain normal functions in cells, tissues, and organs

Any stimulus resulting in an imbalance in an organism's homeostatic balance

The ability of one genotype to produce more than one phenotype depending on environmental conditions, genetically guided but not genetically determined in outcome, sets the range of possible responses an organism can produce

conduction, convection, evaporation and radiation

Decreased oxygen availiability, cold temperatures, low humidity, high wind speeds, reduced nutritional base, increased solar radiation

long-term, microevolutionary changes within a population in response to an environmental stressor, affects all members of a population, permanent and heritable changes

EPAS1 point mutation and excess erythrocyte production

Dark melanin provides protection against sunburn, sunstroke, and destruction of folic acid

Less dark melanin allows UV-B radiation to penetrate epidermis (promotes vitamin D3 production)

folate protection and vitamin D synthesis

Vitamin D3 deficiency

Compact body shape and shorter limbs

Narrower body and longer limbs

Stocky bodies are better in cold climates

Shorter appendages are better in cold climates

A subfield of biological anthropology and an applied discipline that applies findings within a medicolegal context (investigations by law enforcement)

Identity of remains (complete, fragmentary, burned, scattered, or decomposed) and trauma analysis

Blood-splatter, DNA, and fingerprint analysis, material evidence collection, and determination of cause of death

Bone cells visible under magnification in compact bone, arranged in concentric patterns around blood vessels, distinct cellular shape separates bone from non-bone materials

Dense compact (cortical) bone and inner spongy (trabecular) bone

minimum estimate of individuals contributing to the sample; seperate assemblage by individual bone and side, take the highest count per category

Burial assemblage where individual skeletons are not separated

Sex, age, stature, ancestry, skeletal variation, trauma, and pathology

an anthropological tool used to estimate components of the biological profile

Caused by edged, pointed, or beveled tools; linear incisions from sharp, straight edges, punctures, and chop marks

Caused by clubs, sticks, fists, falls, and vehicle impacts; depressions at point of impact, radiating fractures around impact site, bending and deformation in other regions of the bone

entrance wound smaller and cleaner; exit wound larger and irregular

Lesions caused by abnormal deposition of new bone by osteoblasts, resulting in dense, sclerotic areas

Lesions caused by resorption and destruction of bone tissue by osteoclasts, outpacing bone formation

Degenerative, inflammatory, infectious, and metabolic

Degeneration of intervertebral discs resulting in altered spinal biomechanics and bony changes to vertebral bodies, Schmorl's nodes (indentations on vertebral body surfaces), osteophytes along vertebral body margins, collapsed disc spaces

A pyogenic (pus-producing) bacterial infection of bone and bone marrow, most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, involcrum (new bone formation surronding infected bone), swelling and disorganized bone deposition

A chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which can spread to the skeleton in 3-5% of untreated cases

A chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, affecting skin, peripheral nerves and bone

Wider variety of foods, more protein and less fat, more fiber, fresh fruits, vegetables, grasses, legumes, tubers, less sodium, and no refined white sugar or corn syrup

Organisms adapted to our ancestors (lice, pinworms, yaws) and zoonoses (tetanus and vector-borne diseases transmitted by flies, mosquitoes, fleas, midges, ticks)

"Thrifty" genotype adaptive advantage in environments of feast/famine