AP Physics 1 FRQ Justification & Principles
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1
What must a complete AP Physics 1 justification include?
A relevant physics principle, evidence from the situation, and reasoning connecting that principle to the conclusion.
2
What is the difference between describing and explaining in an AP Physics 1 FRQ?
Describing states what happens; explaining identifies the physics principle and shows why it happens.
3
What earns credit when asked to justify a prediction?
State the prediction, identify the governing physics principle, and connect it logically to the situation.
4
How should Newton's second law be used to justify an acceleration claim?
Identify the net force and apply $\sum F=ma$ to explain the direction or magnitude of acceleration.
5
Why is stating that a larger force produces larger acceleration sometimes insufficient?
The claim must account for mass and net force; acceleration depends on $\frac{F_{\mathrm{net}}}{m}$.
6
What makes a free-body diagram complete?
Show all relevant external forces acting on the selected object, with correct directions and labels.
7
Should velocity or acceleration appear as a force on a free-body diagram?
No. Velocity and acceleration describe motion; they are not forces.
8
How should a Newton's-law equation be constructed from a free-body diagram?
Choose axes, assign signs, and write $\sum F_x=ma_x$ and $\sum F_y=ma_y$ as applicable.
9
What is required when explaining whether mechanical energy is conserved?
Identify the system and determine whether external work or nonconservative energy transfers change its mechanical energy.
10
How should conservation of momentum be justified?
Define the system and establish that its net external impulse is zero or negligible over the interval.
11
Why must a system be identified in a conservation-law explanation?
Whether energy or momentum is conserved depends on the interactions crossing the system boundary.
12
What must a correct impulse explanation connect?
The net impulse to the change in momentum through $\vec J=\Delta\vec p$.
13
How should a graph's slope be interpreted?
Identify the variables on the axes, calculate $\frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}$, and state the physical meaning with units.
14
How should the area under a graph be interpreted?
Identify the plotted quantities and explain the physical quantity represented by the signed integral.
15
What makes a physics graph appropriately labeled?
Both axes have correct physical quantities and units, with a suitable scale.
16
What must a linearization explanation include?
Identify the transformed variables and relate the slope or intercept to the physical model.
17
What is required in a defensible experimental procedure?
Specify what is changed, what is measured, what is controlled, and how the data answer the question.
18
How should repeated trials be used in an experiment?
Repeat measurements under comparable conditions to assess variability and improve precision.
19
What distinguishes random uncertainty from systematic error?
Random uncertainty produces trial-to-trial scatter; systematic error produces a consistent bias.
20
What makes an uncertainty explanation scientifically defensible?
Identify a specific source and explain how it affects the measurement or calculated result.
21
How should a physics model be evaluated using experimental data?
Compare the predicted relationship with the observed trend, accounting for measurement uncertainty.
22
What is required when comparing two physical quantities?
State the relationship and support it using the relevant equation or physical principle.
23
How should proportional reasoning be presented?
Identify the governing relationship, hold appropriate variables constant, and show how the change affects the result.
24
What is the correct approach to a multi-step derivation?
Start with a valid principle, substitute applicable relationships, and show algebra leading to the requested expression.
25
Why is a correct final numerical answer not always sufficient?
Some scoring criteria award separate credit for setup, reasoning, units, or interpretation.
26
What should be included when interpreting a calculated result?
State its physical meaning and check that its sign, magnitude, and units are reasonable.
27
How should equilibrium be justified?
Show that the net force is zero and, when rotational equilibrium applies, that the net torque is zero.
28
What must be considered when calculating torque?
Identify the pivot, force, lever arm, and sign convention using $\tau=rF\sin\theta$.
29
How should circular-motion acceleration be justified?
Identify the inward net force and connect it to $a_c=\frac{v^2}{r}$.
30
Why is centripetal force not a separate force on a free-body diagram?
It names the net inward force requirement, not an additional physical interaction.
31
What should an explanation of simple harmonic motion establish?
The restoring force or acceleration is proportional to displacement and directed toward equilibrium.
32
How should a collision analysis begin?
Define the system, identify external impulse, and determine which conservation laws apply.
33
What must be established before using mechanical-energy conservation?
That the selected system has no mechanical-energy change from nonconservative transfers or external work.
34
How should work be connected to kinetic energy?
Use $W_{\mathrm{net}}=\Delta K$ and identify the forces contributing to net work.
35
What should a qualitative physics explanation avoid?
Unsupported assertions, circular reasoning, and merely restating the question.
36
How should a student respond to a claim that is physically incorrect?
State disagreement clearly and support it with the governing physics principle.
37
What is the purpose of showing intermediate algebra in a derivation?
To make the application of physical principles and the mathematical reasoning visible.
38
When should units be included in an AP Physics 1 response?
Include units for dimensional numerical results and graph quantities when applicable.
39
What should be done when a later FRQ part depends on an earlier result?
Use the earlier result consistently and show the reasoning required by the later part.
40
What is the final check before submitting a Physics 1 FRQ?
Confirm every requested prediction, calculation, explanation, graph, or justification has been addressed.
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