Biosphere
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1
Which statement best describes the approximate vertical limits of the biosphere?
- Life extends about 27,000 ft into the atmosphere and 10.4 km into ocean depths.
- Life ceases beyond 10 km in air and 8 km in ocean trenches.
- Ocean life ends at an average depth of 4,267 m.
- Life is limited to 8,000 m above and 11,000 m below sea level.
2
What is the key difference between primary and secondary succession?
- Primary starts in organic soil;secondary starts on bare rock.
- Primary reaches climax; secondary stops at shrubs.
- Secondary has no consumers; primary requires immediate herbivores.
- Primary starts without soil; secondary occurs where soil remains after disturbance.
3
Which statement best compares terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems?
- Terrestrial systems cover about 29% and are generally more productive overall.
- Terrestrial systems cover 71% of Earth and have lower turnover.
- Aquatic systems cover 29% of Earth and are more productive.
- Aquatic systems are limited to flowing waters covering under 5%.
4
Which lake zonation term describes shallow shore water where rooted plants grow?
- Benthic
- Profundal
- Limnetic
- Littoral
5
Two rainforest lizard species share a canopy and prey but coexist. What may explain this?
- Niche partitioning by space or resource-use behavior
- Competitive exclusion causing immediate mortality
- Obligate mutualism causing divergence
- Intraspecific predation
6
What role does a sea otter play in a kelp forest?
- Obligate parasite
- Primary producer
- Keystone species controlling urchins
- Secondary consumer whose removal increases kelp
7
Bacteria near hydrothermal vents use hydrogen sulfide to make organic matter. They are:
- Heterotrophic primary consumers
- Tertiary consumers using geothermal radiation
- Chemosynthetic autotrophic producers
- Mixotrophic detritivores
8
How does an enzyme-secreting organism differ from an earthworm?
- It is a detritivore; the worm is a saprophyte.
- It decomposes externally; the worm ingests detritus.
- It is a scavenger; the worm is a secondary consumer.
- It is mutualistic; the worm is parasitic.
9
Using the 10% rule, a producer converts 45,000 J into net primary productivity. How much energy reaches a secondary consumer?
- 450 J
- 4,500 J
- 5 J
- 45 J
10
Why can a marine biomass pyramid be inverted?
- Phytoplankton reproduce rapidly and turn over quickly, supporting greater consumer standing biomass.
- Decomposers absorb most energy before primary consumers.
- Producers have greater mass due to slow turnover.
- Marine energy transfer exceeds 90%.
11
Who coined the term “ecosystem” in 1935?
- Gregor Mendel
- Eugene Odum
- A. G. Tansley
- Charles Darwin
12
What distinguishes habitat from ecological niche?
- Habitat includes biotic factors only; niche includes abiotic factors only.
- They are synonymous.
- Habitat is where an organism lives; niche is its role and interactions.
- Habitat is trophic level; niche is geographic range.
13
A barnacle benefits by attaching to a humpback whale, which is unaffected. What type of relationship is this?
- Predation
- Amensalism
- Mutualism
- Commensalism
14
Which marine zone extends from the low-tide mark over the shallow continental shelf?
- Hadal
- Neritic/coastal
- Profundal
- Abyssal
15
What is the primary driver of energy dynamics in the biosphere?
- Geothermal heat
- Solar radiation
- Tides
- Hydrothermal chemical energy
16
Which statement correctly defines a population?
- Abiotic and biotic nutrients in a habitat
- Several species across different regions
- All organisms in a biome regardless of species
- Same-species organisms living in a specified area at the same time
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