Cardiovascular System and Heart Anatomy
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1
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
Transport blood, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste throughout the body.
2
Where is the heart located?
In the mediastinum, between the lungs, within the thoracic cavity.
3
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.
4
What is the function of the right atrium?
Receives oxygen-poor blood returning from the body.
5
What is the function of the right ventricle?
Pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
6
What is the function of the left atrium?
Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.
7
What is the function of the left ventricle?
Pumps oxygen-rich blood to the entire body.
8
What is the difference between the atria and ventricles?
Atria receive blood; ventricles pump blood out of the heart.
9
Which side of the heart handles oxygen-poor blood?
The right side.
10
Which side of the heart handles oxygen-rich blood?
The left side.
11
Why is the left ventricular wall thicker?
It must generate greater pressure to pump blood throughout the body.
12
What is the pericardium?
The protective sac surrounding the heart.
13
What is the myocardium?
The thick cardiac muscle layer responsible for heart contraction.
14
What is the endocardium?
The smooth inner lining of the heart chambers.
15
What is the septum?
The wall separating the right and left sides of the heart.
16
What is the apex of the heart?
The pointed inferior end of the heart.
17
What is a heart valve?
A structure that ensures one-way blood flow by preventing backflow.
18
What are the four heart valves?
Tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, mitral, and aortic semilunar.
19
Where is the tricuspid valve located?
Between the right atrium and right ventricle.
20
What does the tricuspid valve prevent?
Backflow from the right ventricle into the right atrium.
21
Where is the mitral valve located?
Between the left atrium and left ventricle.
22
What is another name for the mitral valve?
Bicuspid valve.
23
What does the mitral valve prevent?
Backflow from the left ventricle into the left atrium.
24
Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?
Between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.
25
What does the pulmonary valve prevent?
Backflow from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle.
26
Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?
Between the left ventricle and aorta.
27
What does the aortic valve prevent?
Backflow from the aorta into the left ventricle.
28
What are atrioventricular (AV) valves?
The tricuspid and mitral valves, located between atria and ventricles.
29
What are semilunar valves?
The pulmonary and aortic valves, located at the exits of the ventricles.
30
What is a shunt?
A passageway that allows blood to bypass a normal route or capillary bed.
31
What is the difference between a shunt and a valve?
A shunt bypasses a route; a valve prevents blood from flowing backward.
32
What is the cardiac cycle?
The sequence of events during one complete heartbeat.
33
What is systole?
The contraction phase of the heart.
34
What is diastole?
The relaxation phase of the heart.
35
What happens during ventricular systole?
The ventricles contract and pump blood into the pulmonary trunk and aorta.
36
What happens during diastole?
The heart relaxes and its chambers fill with blood.
37
What happens during atrial systole?
The atria contract and push remaining blood into the ventricles.
38
What causes the first heart sound (lub/S1)?
Closure of the tricuspid and mitral AV valves.
39
What causes the second heart sound (dub/S2)?
Closure of the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves.
40
What does the lub sound indicate?
AV valves closing.
41
What does the dub sound indicate?
Semilunar valves closing.
42
What is the electrical conduction system?
The system that generates and conducts electrical impulses to coordinate heart contractions.
43
What is the SA node?
The sinoatrial node, the heart's natural pacemaker.
44
Where is the SA node located?
In the right atrium.
45
What does the SA node do?
Initiates the electrical impulse that causes atrial contraction.
46
What is the AV node?
The atrioventricular node, which briefly delays the electrical impulse.
47
Why does the AV node delay the impulse?
To allow the ventricles time to fill with blood.
48
What is the Bundle of His?
A pathway that carries electrical impulses from the AV node into the interventricular septum.
49
What do the bundle branches do?
Carry electrical impulses toward the apex of the heart.
50
What do Purkinje fibers do?
Distribute electrical impulses through ventricular walls, causing ventricular contraction.
51
What is the correct order of cardiac electrical conduction?
SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers.
52
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle during one heartbeat.
53
What is a typical resting stroke volume?
Approximately 70 mL per beat.
54
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle in one minute.
55
What is the cardiac output formula?
Cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume.
56
What is heart rate?
The number of heartbeats per minute.
57
What happens to cardiac output if heart rate increases and stroke volume stays constant?
Cardiac output increases.
58
What happens to cardiac output if stroke volume decreases and heart rate stays constant?
Cardiac output decreases.
59
What is coronary circulation?
Blood circulation that supplies the heart muscle itself.
60
What do coronary arteries do?
Deliver oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium.
61
Where do coronary arteries originate?
From the ascending aorta.
62
What do cardiac veins do?
Collect oxygen-poor blood from the heart muscle.
63
What is the coronary sinus?
A large vein that collects cardiac venous blood and empties into the right atrium.
64
What is systemic circulation?
Blood circulation between the heart and the rest of the body.
65
What is the difference between coronary and systemic circulation?
Coronary supplies the heart muscle; systemic supplies the rest of the body.
66
What are arteries?
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
67
What are veins?
Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.
68
What are capillaries?
Tiny blood vessels where oxygen, nutrients, and waste are exchanged.
69
Why do arteries have thick walls?
To withstand the high pressure of blood pumped from the heart.
70
Why do veins have thinner walls?
They carry blood under lower pressure.
71
Why do veins have valves?
To prevent backflow and help blood return to the heart.
72
Why are capillaries so thin?
Their one-cell-thick walls allow efficient exchange of substances.
73
What is the lumen of a blood vessel?
The hollow interior space through which blood flows.
74
What is the tunica intima?
The innermost blood vessel layer, which provides a smooth lining.
75
What is the tunica media?
The middle layer containing smooth muscle and elastic tissue.
76
What is the tunica externa?
The outer connective tissue layer that supports and protects the vessel.
77
Which blood vessel layer controls diameter?
Tunica media.
78
What is vasoconstriction?
Narrowing of blood vessels due to smooth muscle contraction.
79
What does vasoconstriction do to blood pressure?
Generally increases resistance and blood pressure.
80
What is vasodilation?
Widening of blood vessels due to smooth muscle relaxation.
81
What does vasodilation do to blood pressure?
Generally decreases resistance and blood pressure.
82
Which blood vessels have the highest pressure?
The aorta and large arteries.
83
Which blood vessels have the lowest pressure?
Large veins near the heart, such as the vena cava.
84
Where does the greatest pressure drop generally occur?
Across the arterioles, which create substantial peripheral resistance.
85
What is pulmonary circulation?
Blood circulation between the heart and lungs.
86
Where does pulmonary circulation begin?
The right ventricle.
87
Where does pulmonary circulation end?
The left atrium.
88
What is the purpose of pulmonary circulation?
To release carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen in the lungs.
89
What is systemic circulation?
Blood circulation between the heart and the rest of the body.
90
Where does systemic circulation begin?
The left ventricle.
91
Where does systemic circulation end?
The right atrium.
92
What is the purpose of systemic circulation?
Deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and collect wastes.
93
What is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?
Pulmonary connects heart and lungs; systemic connects heart and body.
94
Which arteries carry oxygen-poor blood?
Pulmonary arteries.
95
Which veins carry oxygen-rich blood?
Pulmonary veins.
96
What is the correct systemic blood vessel pathway?
Aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → vena cava → right atrium.
97
What happens in capillaries?
Oxygen and nutrients enter tissues while carbon dioxide and wastes enter the blood.
98
What is blood pressure?
The force exerted by blood against blood vessel walls.
99
What is systolic blood pressure?
Arterial pressure during ventricular contraction.
100
What is diastolic blood pressure?
Arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation.
101
What does 120/80 mmHg represent?
120 is systolic pressure; 80 is diastolic pressure.
102
What are three major factors affecting blood pressure?
Cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume.
103
What is atherosclerosis?
Fatty plaque buildup inside artery walls that narrows blood flow.
104
What can happen if an atherosclerotic plaque ruptures?
A thrombus can form and obstruct blood flow.
105
What can happen if a coronary artery becomes blocked?
The heart muscle may be deprived of oxygen, causing a heart attack.
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