Poli-102 Quiz 9

Grass-roots, “rebel” terrorism:
- Committed by groups against other groups or the state.
State terrorism:
- Committed by the state against its own people.
State-sponsored terrorism:
- Rebel terrorism in one state sponsored by another.

- Assassination of Tsar Alexander II (Russia), 1881.
- Haymarket bombing in Chicago, 1886.
- Assassination of William McKinley, 1901.

- 1880s-1920s: Anarchist wave.
- 1920s-1960s: Anti-colonial wave.
- 1960s-1990s: New left wave.
* Mostly anti-capitalist in Europe, US, Japan.
- 1979+: Religious wave.
* Especially among radical Muslims.
* But also Protestant vs Catholic terrorism in Northern Ireland (1970s-1990s) and various religious cults.

Weather underground (or Weathermen), 1970s.
- Formed in 1969 at U of M.
- Motivated by Vietnam War, racism, imperialism.
- At least 25 bombings of government and police targets.

- Anti-Western and anti-capitalist.
- Fueled by Vietnamese victory (David vs Goliath).
- Encouraged by Soviets- in Cold War.

- Brazilian revolutionary, 1911-1969.
- An urban guerilla is “one who is not afraid of dismantling and destroying the political and social structure of society” (1969).

- Aum Shinrikyo, Japan.
- Founded by Shoko Asahara in 1987.
- This religion was syncretic, drawing from Hinduism, Buddhism, Christian messianism, and more.
- End of days: WWIII apocalypse that would leave followers the only ones living.
- Sarin gas attacks in 1995.

German Fascism, 1933-1945.
- Target: Jews, Roma (gypsies), the “unclean.”
Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976.
- Target: “counter-revolutionaries.”
Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, 1975-1979.
- Target: all educated members of society.

- Late 1920s until 1953.
- Targeted “enemies of the state,” real and imagined.
- 20 million sent to labor camps, 10 million executed or died.

When a state supports rebel terrorists in another state.
- Weapons.
- Financing.
- Safe haven.

is a tool used to achieve a specific outcome by using force or violence on segment of society with the primary goal of causing fear in the larger society to make change in that society.

Addressing the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism.
- Fragile States
- Violations of human rights.
- Discrimination.
- Political exclusion.
- Socioeconomic marginalization.

Preventing and combating terrorism
- Arrest and prosecution
- Military Action
- Interdiction of terrorist financing

Building States' capacity and strengthening the role of the United States
- Assisting Fragile states
- Local counter-terrorism agencies
- Police training

Ensuring Human rights and the rule of law
- Avoid undermining democratic institutions
- Maintain human rights during interrogation. etc.

someone who changes their place of residence to another country.

Moving into a country

Moving away from a coutry

Movement within a country (most common: urbanization).
- Global urban population: 55% today, projected at 60% in 2030.

Seeking to escape poverty or merely pursuing aspirations.

Fleeing conflict, natural disaster, or environmental catastrophe

Can be internal (movement within a country).
- **Internally displaced persons (IDPs).
- 48 million in 2020.
- Or external (movement to another country).
- Refugees: 26.4 million in 2020, highest on record.

seeking protection in one country from persecution in another. Must demonstrate “well-founded fear.”
- 4.1 million asylum seekers worldwide.
- 2020: 191,367 in US (DHS).
- Top origins of asylum-seekers in US (2019): China, Venezuela, El Salvador.

Funds sent by international migrants to their home country (usually to family members).
- $647 billion worldwide in 2022; 8% increase compared to 2021. - Largest source of remittances: US. - Largest recipient of remittances: India - Largest recipients as % of GDP: - * Tajikistan: 51%

Education levels?
- About the same.
Criminal activity?
- Slightly less.
Unemployment?
- Immigrant unemployment is lower.

- First generation: $57 billion cost (mostly for education). - Second generation: taxes paid are $30 billion higher than costs.
- Third generation: $223 billion net benefit to budget.*

10.5 million (2017).
- Just under half are from Mexico.
- Growing numbers from Central America, Asia.