Bio: Plants
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1
Anatomy: Which organelle is responsible for maintaining turgor pressure against the plant cell wall?
Large central vacuole
2
Anatomy: What waxy layer on the leaf surface prevents water loss?
Cuticle
3
Anatomy: Which plant tissue is responsible for primary growth at the tips of roots and shoots?
Apical meristem
4
Anatomy: Which ground tissue type has thin walls and performs photosynthesis and storage?
Parenchyma
5
Anatomy: Which ground tissue type provides flexible support to young parts of the plant shoot?
Collenchyma
6
Anatomy: Which ground tissue type is rigid due to thick secondary walls containing lignin?
Sclerenchyma
7
Anatomy: What are the two types of water-conducting cells in the xylem?
Tracheids and vessel elements
8
Anatomy: What are the sugar-conducting cells of the phloem?
Sieve-tube elements
9
Anatomy: What specialized cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata?
Guard cells
10
Anatomy: In which leaf layer does the majority of photosynthesis occur?
Palisade mesophyll
11
Anatomy: Which leaf layer has air spaces to facilitate gas exchange?
Spongy mesophyll
12
Anatomy: What is the function of the sclerenchyma cells, which are often dead at functional maturity?
To provide rigid structural support
Photosynthesis & Metabolism
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Photosynthesis & Metabolism
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13
Photosynthesis: What two products result from photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen
14
Photosynthesis: Which statement about thylakoids in eukaryotes is not correct?
Thylakoids exist as a maze of folded membranes
15
Photosynthesis: From where does a heterotroph directly obtain its energy?
Eating other organisms
16
Photosynthesis: What is the energy of a photon first used to do in photosynthesis?
Energize an electron
17
Photosynthesis: Which molecule absorbs the energy of a photon in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
18
Photosynthesis: Plants produce oxygen when they photosynthesize.1 Where does the oxygen come from?
Splitting water molecules
19
Photosynthesis: Which color(s) of light does chlorophyll a reflect?
Green
20
Photosynthesis: Where in plant cells does the Calvin cycle take place?
Stroma
21
Photosynthesis: Which statement correctly describes carbon fixation?
The conversion of \$CO_2\$ to an organic compound
22
Photosynthesis: What is the molecule that leaves the Calvin cycle to be converted into glucose?
G3P
23
Photosynthesis: Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?
Thylakoid membranes
24
Photosynthesis: What enzyme catalyzes the first step of carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle?
RuBisCO
25
Photosynthesis: What is the role of NADP+ in the light-dependent reactions?
It acts as the final electron acceptor, becoming NADPH
26
Photosynthesis: Which type of photosynthesis involves taking in \$CO_2\$ only at night to conserve water?
CAM photosynthesis
Transport & Water Regulation
Transport & Water Regulation
27
Transport: What is the primary function of the xylem?
Transporting water and minerals upward from roots
28
Transport: What is the primary function of the phloem?
Transporting sugars from sources to sinks
29
Transport: What is the waxy barrier in the root endodermis that forces water through a plasma membrane?
Casparian strip
30
Transport: What is the primary force that pulls water up through the xylem?
Transpiration pull (cohesion-tension)
31
Transport: The movement of phloem sap from source to sink is explained by which hypothesis?
Pressure-flow hypothesis
32
Transport: According to the Pressure-Flow Hypothesis, what creates the high pressure at the "source"?
The active loading of sugar, which causes water to enter by osmosis
33
Transport: What is "guttation," and when is it most likely to occur?
The exudation of water droplets from leaves
Reproduction & Development
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Reproduction & Development
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34
Reproduction: In the alternation of generations, which stage is multicellular and diploid?
Sporophyte
35
Reproduction: In the alternation of generations, which stage is multicellular and haploid?
Gametophyte
36
Reproduction: What does a plant spore develop into?
A gametophyte
37
Reproduction: What is the female reproductive part of a flower called?
Pistil (or Carpel)
38
Reproduction: What is the male reproductive part of a flower called?
Stamen
39
Reproduction: In double fertilization, what is formed by the fusion of a sperm and two polar nuclei?
Endosperm (\$3n\$)
40
Reproduction: What does the ovule develop into after fertilization?
A seed
41
Reproduction: What does the ovary wall develop into after fertilization?
A fruit
42
Reproduction: What is the primary evolutionary advantage of "fruits" in angiosperms?
They facilitate seed dispersal by wind, water, or animals
Hormones & Tropisms
Hormones & Tropisms
43
Hormones: Which plant hormone promotes cell elongation and phototropism?
Auxin
44
Hormones: Which gaseous hormone triggers fruit ripening?
Ethylene
45
Hormones: Which hormone causes stomata to close during drought?
Abscisic Acid (ABA)2
46
Hormones: Which hormone stimulates stem elongation and seed germination?
Gibberellins
47
Hormones: Which hormone promotes cell division (cytokinesis) and delays aging?
Cytokinins
48
Hormones: A plant growth response toward or away from a stimulus is called a...?
Tropism
49
Hormones: Growth in response to touch (like a vine on a trellis) is called...?
Thigmotropism
50
Hormones: How does "Gravitropism" work in roots?
Starch-filled statoliths settle at the bottom of cells to signal downward growth
Classification & Taxonomy
Classification & Taxonomy
51
Classification: A plant with parallel leaf veins and floral parts in multiples of three is a...?
Monocot
52
Classification: A plant with netted leaf veins and floral parts in multiples of four or five is a...?
Dicot (Eudicot)
53
Classification: Which plant group produces "naked" seeds, usually in cones?
Gymnosperms
54
Classification: Which non-vascular plants lack xylem and phloem?
Bryophytes (e.g., mosses)
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