4. mole concept
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1
Define empirical formula
simplest formula showing the ratio of the atoms of different elements in a compound.
2
Define molecular formula
Formula which shows the actual number of atoms each element in one molecule of the compound.
3
stp for gaseous state and mole concept:
1 bar and 293K (20C)
stp for energetics:
1 bar and 298K (25C)
1 bar and 293K (20C)
stp for energetics:
1 bar and 298K (25C)
4
when a solution is diluted, the total number of moles of the solute stays the same
5
Define an acid and a base (Arrhenius theory), and limitations of the theory
An acid is anything that dissociates in water to form H30+.
A base is anything that dissociates in water to form OH-.
e.g., HCl (g) + H2O (l) -> H3O+ + Cl-
e.g., NaOH (aq) -> Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
limitation: restricted to aqueous solutions
A base is anything that dissociates in water to form OH-.
e.g., HCl (g) + H2O (l) -> H3O+ + Cl-
e.g., NaOH (aq) -> Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
limitation: restricted to aqueous solutions
6
Define an acid and a base (Bronsted-Lowry theory), and limitations of the theory
An acid is any species which donates a proton (H+)
A base is any species which accepts a proton (H+)
A Bronsted-Lowry reaction involves transfer of a proton from an acid to a base.
e.g., HCl (g) + NH3 (g) -> NH4Cl (s)
limitations: does not explain why substances like BF3 or AlCl3 behave like acids despite not containing any H atom.
A base is any species which accepts a proton (H+)
A Bronsted-Lowry reaction involves transfer of a proton from an acid to a base.
e.g., HCl (g) + NH3 (g) -> NH4Cl (s)
limitations: does not explain why substances like BF3 or AlCl3 behave like acids despite not containing any H atom.
7
Define an acid and a base (Lewis theory of acids and bases), and limitations of the theory
An acid is any species that accepts an electron pair
A base is any species that receives an electron pair
A lewis acid-base reaction is the transfer of a pair of electrons from the base to the acid.
e.g., BF3 + NH3 -> BF3·NH3
limitations: too general
A base is any species that receives an electron pair
A lewis acid-base reaction is the transfer of a pair of electrons from the base to the acid.
e.g., BF3 + NH3 -> BF3·NH3
limitations: too general
8
Define redox reaction
A reaction that simultaneously involves reduction and oxidation
9
Define reduction
A process where a substance gains electrons, resulting in a decrease in its oxidation state
10
Define oxidation
A process where a substance loses electrons, resulting in an increase in oxidation state
11
Define reducing agent
A substance that gives electrons to another, itself becoming oxidised in the process.
12
Define oxidising agent
A substance that receives electrons from another, itself becoming reduced in the process
13
Disproportionation
A substance that is simultaneously oxidised and reduced in the same reaction
14
Oxidation number//oxidation state
the total number of electrons that an atom either gains or loses in order to form a chemical bond with another atom
15
recap balancing redox reactions using half-equations (and without)
16
go read the last 5 pages of mole concept
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