Neuro Exam IV

lower motor neuron of corticospinal or corticobulbar tract

brainstem stroke, brainstem tumor, damage of cranial nerves, damage of spinal nerves to respiratory muscles, myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy

weakness of respiratory muscles, vocal folds, soft palate, tongue

bilateral upper motor neurons

stroke, widspread bilateral damage to cns, suprabulbar/pseudobulbar palsy

monotone, monoloudness, harsh/strained voice, hypernasality, imprecise articulation, reduced stress

unilateral upper motor neurons

stroke, tumor resection, thalamotomy, multiple sclerosis

mild weakness of contralateral tongue, lips, and lower face, hemiplegia

cerebellum

cerebral palsy, tumor, stroke

harsh voice, dysprosody, transient articulatory breakdowns, scanning speech, vowel distortions

basal ganglia

parkinson's, stroke, trauma, degenerative diseases

monopitch, monoloudness, breathy/harsh voice, short bursts of rapid speech, rapid or blurred AMRs

basal ganglia

myoclonus, chorea, dystonia, tourettes

irregular articulation, irregular loudness and rate, inappropriate silences or prolongations

an impairment of motor planning for speech that is not a dysarthria or language disorder.

cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, hypothalamus, anterior thalamus

cingulo-periaqueductal pathway

limbic system, peri-aqueductal grey, pontine and medullary reticular formations, motor nuclei

integrate respiratory, laryngeal, and articulatory information used in phonation

disturbance in strength, speed, or coordination of muscles, due to damage of the CNS, PNS, or muscle, resulting in impairment of respiration, phonation, articulation, resonance, or prosody of speech,

upper and lower motor neurons, spastic and flaccid dysarthria

destruction of myelin, spastic and ataxic