UN: At Bay

13 peacekeeping missions until 1985, 36 between 1988 - 2015

- Boutros-Ghali
- disarm fighting factions
- protect HR
- monitor elections

- 1998 Kofi Annan speech - UN should intervene in national HR issues
- 2005 UN World Summit meeting - if a country fails to protect its people, UN must take action

- Slobodan Milosevic (Serbian president) sent Yugoslav army to Croatia
- EU held peace conference - backed by UN

- UNPROFOR
- Ceasefire breakdowns

- UN Protective Force
- Humanitarian
- monitor withdrawal of Yugoslav forces
- create and demilitarise UN protected areas

- more traditional peacekeeping
- 'pink zones' (areas run by Yugoslav army) remained
- demilitarisation unsuccessful - Yugoslav army left weapons for Croatian Serbs when it withdrew

- 1: talks run by EU and UN restored it
- 2: Croatia launched attacks against the Serbs - around 200,000 Serbs fled Croatia

- peace deal signed in Dayton, Ohio
- US Secretary of State led negotiations
- US wanted minimal UN involvement due to low popularity

Kosovo Liberation Army carried out attacks on Serbian targets - Serbia attacked Kosovar villages and killed dozens in response

- US / NATO
- UNMIK

- demanded Serbian withdrawal
- NATO air attacks on Belgrade forced Milosevic to give in
- no UN - USSR was a Serbian ally so would veto

- only set up after Milosevic gave in
- deal with HR issues - mass deportations of Kosovar Albanians into Macedonia
- take over admin until a Kosovar gov able to take over

- Independence referendum - large majority of Bosniaks and Croats in favour
- Bosnian-Serb units of Yugoslav army attacked

- UNPROFOR
- no fly zones
- safe areas
- Bihać
- Srebrenica massacre

- sent to protect Sarajevo airport and convoys of food and medicine
- peacekeepers allowed to shoot past, not at, Serbs - usually just pleaded

- NATO needed UN permission to shoot down unauthorised aircraft
- UN didn't want to give permission in case Serbs attacked UN personnel

- over 30,000 peacekeepers needed but security council only agreed to 7,600
- shelling and sniper attacks on Sarajevo continued
- one attack on Sarajevo market killed 68

- Serbs threatened safe area
- NATO allowed to bomb Serbian military targets as a warning
- Serbs took 400 UN hostages - UN more cautious

- Serbs took 30 UN hostages and threatened to attack compound sheltering refugees
- Bosnian Serb commander Ratko Mladic 'allowed Muslims to leave safely'
- men and women separated
- 7,000 men and boys killed

- NATO decided any further Serb attacks would result in air strikes without UN approval
- UN removed all peacekeepers to avoid more hostages

- over 2.7 million Bosnians received humanitarian aid
- International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
- safe areas (Srebrenica and 5 others) - had less violence and fewer casualties

Dayton Peace Accords split Bosnia in 2 - overseen by and signed in USA

- civil war - people divided into clans
- warlords fought for power and overthrew unpopular gov
- crop failure and famine - crops and cattle targeted by looters / militia

- inital ceasefire
- UNOSOM
- UNITAF
- UNOSOM II
- General Aideed

achieved in UN headquarter talks 1992

- multinational peacekeeping mission
- 500 UN peacekeepers sent
- warlords disagreed with UN presence and violence continued

- 25,400 US troops and 12,900 other members
- food and medicine distributed - famine ending within a few months
- uneasy truce between warlords
- UN controlled 40% Somalia - violence stopped in these areas

- no effective gov or police
- warlords still active

- encouraged disarmament and reconciliation
- rebuild Somalia
- 1st involvement in internal affairs since Congo - 1st time with security council agreement

- warlord - saw disarmament as a means of weakening him
- one attack on UN killed 24 troops

- unanimous resolution - all necessary measures against attacks on UN
- US special forces involved
- 25,000 dollar reward for his capture

- violence continued despite 2.5 million dollars spent a day
- USA withdrew after 18 troops killed
- still warlords and lack of political stability when UN left

- civil war after independence from Portugal
- severe drought

- cooperation
- UN action

- both sides signed General Peace Agreement - agreed to UN
- security council supported ONUMOZ
- South Africa less of a threat to Mozambique

- ONUMOZ led by UN special representative Aldo Ajello - didn't have to ask security council so quick decisions
- large UNCIVPOL forces - worked with Mozambique police
- many militia members given demobilisation money to help build new lives

- comprehensive peace agreement
- UNMIS
- arms embargo on Sudan

- during North / South peace negotiations, Darfur accused Sudanese gov of neglecting it
- Darfur rebel groups vs Sudanese gov allied with Janjaweed militia
- Sudanese forces - air attacks on civilians
- Janjaweed rode into villages on horseback and killed people
- ethnic cleansing

- sent peacekeepers - only self-defence, despite 'Responsibility to Protect' principles
- UNAMID - AU and UN - 18,000 peacekeepers

- UN reluctance
- Lack of cooperation

- peace deal between North and South close
- US and GB fighting in Iraq
- Chinese deal for Sudanese oil

- Sudanese gov wouldn't allow - UN just supported AMIS (African Mission in Sudan)
- Omar al-Bashir kicked out international organisations when he was accused of war crimes
- Sudanese gov signed peace deal with some rebel groups - formed Liberation and Justice movement - other groups refused to accept

Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait

- res 660 within hours - immediate withdrawal
- embargoes on purchase of oil and sale of arms
- Operation desert storm
- UN Iraq-Kuwait observer mission - monitor and protect demilitarised zone along border - more confident approach

- US-led coalition
- many Arab states involved
- within first 4 days, Iraq accepted all UN resolutions
- security council set out basic aims but left other decisions to military leaders

- after 9/11, George W Bush asked security council to support use of force to disarm Iraq - said it would soon have WMDs
- FR, Russia and GR vetoed - invaded anyway

- Saddam overthrown
- US and GB found dealing with Iraq after too difficult to manage alone
- no WMDs ever found
- res 1483

- accepted GB and US as occupying powers
- set up UNAMI (UN Assistance Mission to Iraq) to help rebuild the country