UN: Challenged

- Arab/Israeli tensions
- UN irrelevance

- PLO border raids on Israel (supported by all Arab states)
- Arabs started building up forces on Israeli border April
- Colonel Nasser closed Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping
- Palestine 1947-49

- UN Emergency Force (UNEF I) asked to withdraw by Colonel Nasser
- U Thant tried to use diplomacy
- USSR strengthened ties with Egypt, USA with Israel

- 4 ceasefire resolutions
- Res 242

- Syria, Egypt and Jordan defeated
- 70,000 km$^2$ land taken

- Israel withdraw from territory taken in recent conflict
- accept each others' borders
- 'just' settlement of refugee problem

- Nasser accept if Israel withdrew from recent territories - refused
- Israel said it would negotiate separately with Arabs but they had agreed to no negotiations
- Palestinians rejected - didn't let them return to homeland and UNRWA had to open 10 more refugee camps

Egyptian president Anwar Sadat led Arabs in surprise attack - but Egypt defeated in 3 weeks

- res 338
- res 340
- Kissinger
- UNEF II

ceasefire - Anwar Sadat agreed but Israel ignored

ceasefire - only accepted because USSR threatening to send troops and Arabs had stopped selling oil to USA

- ceasefire deals (res 340)
- disengagement agreements (UNEF II)

- 2nd Emergency force
- established by res 340
- oversee disengagement and supervise a buffer zone
- guidelines set as code for following operations

- deployment with consent of all involved
- forces only in self-defence
- neutral
- all members must contribute

- lack of cooperation
- weak policies

- Christian/Muslim tensions
- Israel/Palestine tensions

- founded as Christian nation post WWI
- by 1970s - Muslim majority and Christian large minority
- Christians still more seats in parliament
- militia groups - terrorism and guerrilla warfare

- PLO arrived 1973 after having to leave Jordan
- around 10% Lebanese population Palestinian - mostly in refugee camps
- PLO attacked Israel from Lebanese bases

- Israel lack of cooperation
- complexity
- UN irrelevance

- gave territory to SLA instead of UNIFIL
- SLA attack on UNIFIL killed 8 UN personnel
- Israel thought UN was pro-Palestinian - refused when Secretary General tried to persuade it to withdraw
- ignored UNIFIL in 2nd invasion - reached Beirut

- PLO attacks from Lebanon - started shelling in 1979
- Arab League - 30,000 strong deterrent force (mainly Syrian) - Lebanon protested but was ignored
- militia groups

- Arab league
- after 2nd Israeli invasion, Lebanon turned to multinational force led by USA
- US troops withdrew 1984 after several attacks against them

- war increasingly unpopular in Israel
- severe economic problems
- more moderate ministers from a range of political parties elected 1984

- reluctance to be harsh on South Africa
- Uncooperative South Africa

- US and GB vetoed sanctions - cold war ally
- sanctions would hit the poorest (black population under apartheid)
- sanctioned South Africa wouldn't be able to fund UNITA - side of Angolan civil war backed by USA

- hadn't signed UN Declaration of Human Rights
- SWAPO recognised as legitimate representative of Namibian people by UN but South African Defence Forces set up to deal with it
- SADF used violence, intimidation and torture - thousands of Namibians fled to bordering states

- South African reform
- UN actions
- Changing attitudes in other countries

- Javier Peréz de Cuéllar got them to agree to a ceasefire 1989
- new president F.W. de Klerk bringing in end of apartheid reforms
- SADF - increasing casualties in Namibia, forces needed for instability in own country

- USA - less need for South African ally
- USSR stopping support to oversees communist parties in Cuba (had troops in Angola) and Angola
- many nations imposed sanctions due to apartheid - UN had not made this compulsory

- UNCIVPOL
- UNHRC
- UNTAG

- enforced law whilst it trained new Namibian police force
- ensured free and fair elections
- used twice before but never on such a large scale
- became important part of many 90s operations eg. Mozambique

amnesty for all Namibian refugees

- UN Transition Assistance Group
- monitor SADF withdrawal
- disarm 32,500 soldiers from Namibian armed units

fighting broke out late March 1989 - not enough UN troops when ceasefire began