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What percent of adult globe size is the normal full-term infant's eye?<br>A) 50%<br>B) 65%<br>C) 75%<br>D) 90%

When does maximum eye growth occur?<br>A) 1st year of life<br>B) 5-10 years<br>C) Puberty<br>D) Adulthood

What is the characteristic appearance of the sclera in infants?<br>A) Thick and white<br>B) Thin, translucent, bluish tinge<br>C) Yellowish<br>D) Opaque

By what age does the cornea reach adult size (12mm)?<br>A) 6 months<br>B) 1 year<br>C) 2 years<br>D) 5 years

Compared to the adult lens, the infant lens is:<br>A) Flatter and cloudy<br>B) Clear and more spherical<br>C) Thicker and yellow<br>D) Smaller and opaque

By what age should visual acuity improve to 20/30-20/20?<br>A) 6 months<br>B) 1 year<br>C) 3 years<br>D) 5 years

By what age should proper coordination of eye movements/alignment be achieved in infants?<br>A) 1-2 months<br>B) 4-6 months<br>C) 9-12 months<br>D) 2 years

By what age should every child ideally have an eye examination?<br>A) 1-2 years<br>B) 3-4 years<br>C) 6-7 years<br>D) 10 years

Which chart uses a symbol pointing in different directions for children who can't yet read letters?<br>A) Snellen Chart<br>B) LEA Chart<br>C) Tumbling E Chart<br>D) Jaeger Chart

Alignment during ocular motility exam is judged by symmetry of what, plus response to alternate occlusion?<br>A) Pupillary reflex<br>B) Corneal light reflex<br>C) Red reflex<br>D) Fundus reflex

Which exam offers a magnified view of the anterior segment of the eye?<br>A) Fundus exam<br>B) Slit lamp exam<br>C) Tonometry<br>D) Gonioscopy

In emmetropia, where do parallel light rays focus?<br>A) Anterior to the retina<br>B) Directly on the retina<br>C) Posterior to the retina<br>D) On the cornea

In hyperopia (farsightedness), light rays focus:<br>A) Anterior to the retina<br>B) Directly on the retina<br>C) Posterior to the retina<br>D) On the lens

In myopia (nearsightedness), light rays focus:<br>A) Anterior to the retina<br>B) Directly on the retina<br>C) Posterior to the retina<br>D) On the sclera

Astigmatism is most commonly due to abnormalities in:<br>A) Lens thickness<br>B) Corneal curvature<br>C) Retinal pigmentation<br>D) Vitreous density

Anisometropia is defined as:<br>A) Absence of the iris<br>B) Significant difference in refractive state between the two eyes<br>C) Cloudy cornea<br>D) Misalignment of visual axes

Which type of amblyopia results from suppression of a deviating eye?<br>A) Refractive amblyopia<br>B) Strabismic amblyopia<br>C) Deprivational amblyopia<br>D) Toxic amblyopia

Which type of amblyopia is the most severe and occurs with obstruction of the visual axis?<br>A) Refractive amblyopia<br>B) Strabismic amblyopia<br>C) Deprivational amblyopia<br>D) Anisometropic amblyopia

Amblyopia is best defined as:<br>A) Complete blindness in one eye<br>B) Subnormal visual acuity despite correction of refractive error<br>C) Double vision<br>D) Loss of peripheral vision

Diplopia is most frequently caused by:<br>A) Corneal opacity<br>B) Misalignment of the two visual axes<br>C) Cataract<br>D) Retinal detachment

Usual management for common refractive/vision disorders (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism) is:<br>A) Surgery<br>B) Spectacle correction<br>C) Patching only<br>D) Observation only

Congenital aniridia refers to:<br>A) Absence of the lens<br>B) Almost complete absence of the iris<br>C) Absence of the pupil<br>D) Absence of the cornea

Iris coloboma is associated with which chromosomal trisomies?<br>A) Trisomy 13 & 18<br>B) Trisomy 21 only<br>C) Trisomy 8<br>D) Turner syndrome

What percentage of pediatric ocular deviations are esodeviations?<br>A) <20%<br>B) About 30%<br>C) More than 50%<br>D) 100%

Esophoria is best described as:<br>A) Constant, always manifest esodeviation<br>B) Misalignment apparent only when fusional mechanism is disrupted<br>C) A false appearance of esotropia<br>D) Divergent misalignment

Esotropia refers to:<br>A) An esodeviation that is constantly manifest<br>B) An intermittent divergent deviation<br>C) A false appearance of misalignment<br>D) A vertical deviation

Pseudoesotropia is:<br>A) A true, constant esodeviation<br>B) A false appearance of esotropia<br>C) Caused by cataract<br>D) A form of nystagmus

Which is the most common type of exotropia?<br>A) Constant exotropia<br>B) Intermittent exotropia<br>C) Pseudo exotropia<br>D) Sensory exotropia

Congenital ptosis is due to:<br>A) Faulty development of the levator muscle<br>B) Orbital fracture<br>C) Corneal scarring<br>D) Lacrimal duct obstruction

Broad epicanthal folds may cause which false clinical appearance?<br>A) Pseudoexotropia<br>B) Pseudoesotropia<br>C) True esotropia<br>D) Ptosis

Congenital entropion (epiblepharon) is common in which population and causes what symptom?<br>A) Caucasians; photophobia<br>B) Asians; tearing (from lashes touching the eye)<br>C) Africans; itching<br>D) All populations equally; pain

Ectropion refers to:<br>A) Inward turning of the lid margin<br>B) Eversion (outward turning) of the lid margin<br>C) Ptosis of the upper lid<br>D) Absence of the eyelid

Blepharospasm is defined as:<br>A) Repetitive closure of the lids<br>B) Drooping of the upper lid<br>C) Outward turning of the lid<br>D) Infection of the eyelid gland

Hordeolum is most commonly caused by:<br>A) Staphylococcus aureus<br>B) Streptococcus pneumoniae<br>C) Haemophilus influenzae<br>D) Herpes simplex virus

Preseptal cellulitis is distinguished from orbital cellulitis by:<br>A) Presence of proptosis<br>B) Involvement limited to eyelids/periorbital tissue without true orbital involvement<br>C) Need for surgical drainage always<br>D) Painless swelling only

Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction causing tearing is usually due to:<br>A) Bacterial infection<br>B) Maldevelopment/incomplete canalization of the lacrimal drainage system<br>C) Trauma<br>D) Allergic reaction

Ophthalmia neonatorum causing blindness is typically caused by:<br>A) Gonorrhea or Chlamydia<br>B) Adenovirus<br>C) Allergy<br>D) Staphylococcus aureus

Which key symptom distinguishes allergic conjunctivitis?<br>A) Purulent discharge<br>B) Itching<br>C) Photophobia<br>D) Pain on eye movement

Viral conjunctivitis is characterized by:<br>A) Mucopurulent discharge and generalized hyperemia<br>B) Watery discharge, redness, follicular conjunctival changes<br>C) Severe itching only<br>D) Painless red patch

Subconjunctival hemorrhage typically manifests as:<br>A) Watery discharge<br>B) Bright or dark red patch in the conjunctiva<br>C) White plaque on the sclera<br>D) Corneal ulcer

Keratoconus is characterized by:<br>A) Progressive thinning of the cornea<br>B) Opacity of the lens<br>C) Dislocation of the lens<br>D) Absence of the iris

Ectopia lentis (lens dislocation) is most commonly associated with:<br>A) Down syndrome<br>B) Trauma and Marfan syndrome<br>C) Diabetes<br>D) Congenital rubella

Uveitis in Filipino children is usually caused by:<br>A) Idiopathic causes or tuberculosis<br>B) Toxoplasmosis exclusively<br>C) Trauma<br>D) Viral infection only

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) occurs due to:<br>A) Genetic mutation in retinal pigment<br>B) Immaturity of the developing retinal vasculature<br>C) Trauma at birth<br>D) Maternal infection

Which stage of ROP is also known as "Retrolental Fibroplasia" with total retinal detachment?<br>A) Stage 1<br>B) Stage 3<br>C) Stage 4<br>D) Stage 5

The most common primary malignant intraocular tumor of childhood is:<br>A) Rhabdomyosarcoma<br>B) Retinoblastoma<br>C) Neuroblastoma<br>D) Melanoma

Optic neuritis in childhood usually presents after:<br>A) Systemic infections<br>B) Trauma<br>C) Prematurity<br>D) Allergic reaction

Papilledema in children is most often caused by:<br>A) Increased intracranial pressure (mass lesion or pseudotumor)<br>B) Direct optic nerve trauma<br>C) Vitamin deficiency<br>D) Refractive error

Childhood glaucoma is typically due to:<br>A) Developmental abnormality of the anterior chamber angle<br>B) Trauma only<br>C) Cataract formation<br>D) Retinal detachment

The most common primary pediatric orbital malignancy is:<br>A) Retinoblastoma<br>B) Rhabdomyosarcoma<br>C) Neuroblastoma<br>D) Lymphangioma

The orbit is the most common site of ocular metastasis in childhood from which cancers?<br>A) Leukemia and neuroblastoma<br>B) Breast and lung cancer<br>C) Lymphoma only<br>D) Osteosarcoma<br>

Orbital cellulitis in children most often stems from:<br>A) Untreated preseptal cellulitis, respiratory infection, or bacteremia<br>B) Trauma alone<br>C) Congenital malformation<br>D) Allergic reaction