Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology
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1
which nervous system division conveys action potentials to the CNS?
sensory (afferent) division
2
which division of the PNS transmits impulses form CNS to skeletal muscle?
somatic motor nervous system
3
what is the site for precessing information?
cerebral cortex
4
what is the junction of a neuron with another cell called?
synapse
5
what is the input part of the neuron?
dendrites
6
which portion of the brain stem is continuous with the spinal cord?
medulla oblongata
7
what is the white matter of the cerebellum that forms the branching network?
arbor vitae (latin for "tree of life")
8
the damage of what part of the brain will affect sensory projections to the cerebral cortex?
thalamus
9
your patient presented with a lesion in the brain and exhibited tremors reaching for objects. what part of the brain is likely to be damaged?
cerebrellum
10
your patient presents an eating disorder along with intense thirst and widely varying body temperature, what is dysfunctional?
hypothalamus
11
what interprets or accesses information, maintains homeostasis, monitors external and internal stimuli and transmits information in the form of action potentials?
nervous system
12
what is responsible for problem solving skills?
CNS
13
what will a neuron that conducts pain to the central nervous system will be classified as?
sensory neuron/afferent neuron
14
synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters are present in which structure?
axon terminal (presynaptic terminals)
15
what do we call the neuron within the CNS that carries action potential from one neuron to another?
interneuron (association neuron)
16
what do we call a neuron that has a single axon and a single dendrite?
bipolar neuron
17
what do we call gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath?
nodes of ranvier
18
what protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood?
the blood brain barrier (BBB)
19
multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which the myelin sheaths are destroyed, which cell or neuroglial cell is being damaged in CNS?
oligodendrocytes
20
your patient has a microbial infection attacking the brain, which cell type would be proliferated and be more active during this time?
microglia
21
which cells produce CSF?
ependymal cells
22
which neuroglia cell must be bypassed for a drug to be effective in treating the brain?
astrocytes
23
which type of neuroglial cells must provide support and nutrition to sensory ganglia in the PNS?
satellite cells
24
in what type of axon are action potentials conducted more rapidly?
large diameter, myelinated axons
25
what do we call grey matter on the surface of the brain?
cerebral cortex
26
your patient is hospitalized for the flu, and flu causes increase membrane permeability to potassium. in what state do you expect these cells to be in?
hyperpolarized
27
white matter is composed of what substance?
myelinated axons
28
what type of feedback would happen if an event resulted in local potential reaching threshold?
Action potential
29
what results when potassium ions tend to diffuse out of the cell?
repolarization (cell becomes more negative)
30
depolarization of the cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx of what?
sodium (Na+)
31
what occurs when the local potential reaches threshold?
voltage gated sodium channels open, triggering an action potential
32
what happens to the cell during the absolute refractory period?
a cell cannot generate another action potential
33
the resting membrane potential of a neuron is -70 mv, if a cell moves to -80 mv what does it result in?
hyperpolarization
34
what does the absolute refractory period ensure?
- each AP is a separate, all or none event
- enforces one way transmission of the AP
- enforces one way transmission of the AP
35
what does saltatory conduction of an action potential mean?
jump from one node of ranvier to the next
36
where are neurotransmitters released from? (area)
from presynaptic terminal into the synaptic cleft
37
what causes the production of action potentials in postsynaptic membrane?
neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic neuron bind to receptors
38
what is the function of acetylcholinesterase?
hydrolyzingreaking down acetylcholine
39
what would happen if you had rapid removal or destruction of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft?
terminate signalling, ensuring postsynaptic cell can return to resting state and be ready for new signals, prevents overstimulation and maintaining proper neural function
40
what ion is necessary for release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles?
calcium (Ca2+) ion
41
viagra is used to treat erectile dysfunction by prolonging the effects of what on blood vessels?
vasodilation by nitric oxide
42
what does the cerebral aqueduct connect?
3rd and 4th ventricles
43
either a stimulus causes an action potential or does not, what principle is this called?
all or none principle
44
What state would the neuron be if there were local depolarization?
excitatory period
45
what can result in the state of the neuron if there is either influx of chloride ions or outflow of potassium ions?
hyperpolarization
46
local anesthetic as novocain decreases membrane permeability to sodium ions, what would this anesthetic do?
blocking nerve conduction by blocking voltage gated sodium channels. loss of sensation
47
if both excitatory and inhibitory synapse happens with a single postsynaptic neuron, what determines an action potential initiated in postsynaptic neuron?
net effect of excitatory and inhibitory inputs (summation of postsynaptic potentials)
48
if five action potentials arrive at same synapse in very close succession, what would occur?
temporal summation occurs
49
what is the large C shaped white matter that connects the two hemispheres?
corpus callosum
50
the peripheral nervous system consists of which structures?
all nerves and ganglia located outside the brain and spinal cord
51
when two or more presynaptic neuron synapse with single presynaptic neuron in CNS, what type of pathway is formed?
convergent pathway
52
which is the thickest of the meninges?
dura mater
53
what would happen if there were damage to the brain stem?
critical and life threatening:
- difficulty breathing
- heart issues
- paralysis
- loss of consciousness
- potential death
- difficulty breathing
- heart issues
- paralysis
- loss of consciousness
- potential death
54
what part of the brain connects the medulla to the midbrain?
pons (aka "bridge)
55
what does the central sulcus separate?
frontal and parietal lobes
56
Order of parts of the Brain stem.
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata
- pons
- medulla oblongata
57
most sensory inputs that ascend to spinal cord, projects to what part of the brain?
the thalamus
58
where is the thermostat that controls blood temperature located?
the hypothalamus
59
which is the part that connects the brain stem to the hypothalamus?
doral longitudinal fasciculus
60
which part of the brain serves as the major control system of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system?
hypothalamus
61
what structure has distal portion that branches to form presynaptic terminals?
the axon
62
which part of the brain serves as the major control system of the autonomic nervous system?
the hypothalamus
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