Immunity and Vaccines
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1
What do vaccines protect against?
Disease
2
How do vaccines work?
Trigger immune response
3
What do vaccines contain?
Antigens from pathogens
4
What type of pathogen is in vaccines?
Dead or attenuated (weakened)
5
What do vaccines stimulate?
Memory cell production
6
What does immunity prevent?
Disease symptoms
7
What is herd immunity?
Protection from reduced infection spread
8
What causes antigenic variation?
Changes in pathogen antigens
9
What does antigenic variation affect?
Primary and secondary responses
10
Why is antigenic variation a problem?
Memory cells don’t recognize new antigens
11
What disease is affected by antigenic variation?
Influenza
12
Why does the flu vaccine change?
Antigens of the virus change yearly
13
What are the two types of immunity?
Active and passive
14
What is active immunity?
Antibody production by immune system
15
What does active immunity require?
Exposure to antigens
16
What are the types of active immunity?
Natural and artificial
17
What is natural active immunity?
Immunity from catching a disease
18
What is artificial active immunity?
Immunity from vaccination
19
What is passive immunity?
Antibodies provided by another source
20
What does passive immunity not require?
Exposure to antigen
21
What are the types of passive immunity?
Natural and artificial
22
What is natural passive immunity?
Antibodies from breast milk or placenta
23
What is artificial passive immunity?
Antibodies from injection (e.g., tetanus)
24
How long does active immunity last?
Long-term (memory cells produced)
25
How long does passive immunity last?
Short-term (antibodies broken down)
26
What does the flu vaccine contain?
Inactivated virus or antigens
27
Why are flu vaccines updated annually?
To match changing virus antigens
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