Salts and solubilities

A salt is created when an acid reacts an its H+ ions are replaced
We can have soluble and insoluble salts

acid + alkali --> salt + water
hydrochloric acid + potassium hydroxide --> potassium chloride + water

metal oxide (base) + acid --> salt + water
lithium oxide + sulphuric acid --> lithium sulphate + water

metal + acid --> salt + hydrogen
calcium + nitric acid --> calcium nitrate + hydrogen

carbonate + acid --> salt + water + carbon dioxide
copper(II) carbonate + nitric acid --> copper(II) nitrate + water + carbon dioxide

All are soluble in water

All are soluble in water

All are soluble in water

All are soluble in water

All are soluble in water, except barium sulphate (BaSO4), calcium sulphate (CaSO4) and lead sulphate (PbSO4)

All are soluble in water, except for silver chloride (AgCl) and lead chloride (PbCl2)

All are insoluble in water, except for sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2CO3)

All are insoluble in water, except for sodium oxide, potassium oxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide

Insoluble in water

Add excess of the solid base to warm acid in a beaker
Stir and then filter to remove the solid base
Heat solution using a bunsen burner to crystallisation point
Leave evaporating basin to cool and crystals to form
Filter the crystals
Pat them dry with a paper towel

add excess insoluble base to the acid
filter to remove unreacted base
heat the solution so that water evaporates and crystals of the salt remain
copper (II) sulfate can be found using this method (starting from copper (II) oxide which is insoluble)

mix solutions of 2 soluble reactants
filter mixture (insoluble salt will remain on filter paper)
wash salt with distilled water
leave salt to dry
do this to find lead sulfate

Acids donate protons (H+) and so are proton donors
Bases accept protons and so are proton acceptors

Bases that are soluble in water
metal oxides, metal hydroxides and ammonia can act as bases

Gases decrease in solubility as temperature increases

Soluble salts increase in solubility as temperature increases