Clinical Biochemistry

Metabolites - Glucose, urea, creatine, biliburin; Enzymes - ALP,AST,ALT,GGT; Proteins - CRP, albumin; Hormones - LH,TSH,HCG, insulin; Electrolyes - sodium, potassium and chlroide; Specific molecules - drugs

Blood - liver and kidney function; Urine - creatine clearance; Faeces - bowel cancer; CSF - protein and glucose

Pregnancy tests

Screen or exclude specific diseases; Confirm diagnosis; Determine treatment; Monitor effects and outcomes of therapy

Neonatal blood spot for protein analysis and cystic fibrosis; Bowel cancer screening; NHS Welless check for cholesterol and or glucose

High false positive rate; High false negative rate; Doesnt significantly affect mortality

Within subject variations- levels vary day to day with normal people on a stable diet; Between subject variations - most analyates will differ between one person and the next; Pre anayltical variation - parameters affected by stroage or delivery of specimens; Analytical vasriation - different machines can give varied results

Used to understand within which parameters is a result considered normal or not

Lipid profile; Liver function test; Kidney function test; Electrolyte, blood glucose

Measures total choleterol, HDL, trigcylerides, LDL

AST, ALT, ALP,GGT

Creatine, urea, EGFR, Albumin . potassium, sodium, calcium, chloride, phosphorus

Measures myocardial damage via troponin levels; Measures Heart functin failure via BNP

Hypothyroidsim (pituitary is sensing there is not enough TSH so secretes more)

Creatinine because its production is readily steady and it is filtered

CSF sample

Venous blood

Creatinine