AP Chemistry Pre-Year Review
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1
[1] Accuracy
How close a measurement is to the actual value
2
[1] Percent Error (+ Equation)
- A numerical way of expressing the accuracy of a measurement
- |Theor. - Exp. / Theor.| x 100
- |Theor. - Exp. / Theor.| x 100
3
[1] Significant Figure Rules
- Non-zero digits are always significant
- Zeroes between non-zero digits are always significant
- Beginning zeroes are never significant
- Ending zeroes are significant if there is a decimal point
- Zeroes between non-zero digits are always significant
- Beginning zeroes are never significant
- Ending zeroes are significant if there is a decimal point
4
[1] Significant Figure Multiplication and Division
Round the result to the same number of significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures
5
[1] Significant Figure Addition and Subtraction
Round the result to the same number of decimal placecs as the value with the least number of decimal places
6
[1] Matter
- Anything that has mass and takes up space/volume.
- Energy is not matter.
- Energy is not matter.
7
[1] Pure Substance
Something that has a fixed chemical composition/formula and can't be broken down physically
8
[1] Element and Atom
- Element: A pure substance that is made of only one kind of atom
- Atom: The smallest unit of an element that maintains its properties
- Examples: Gold, Carbon
- Atom: The smallest unit of an element that maintains its properties
- Examples: Gold, Carbon
9
[1] Compound and Molecule
- Compound: A pure substance that is made of two or more different kinds of atoms that are chemically bonded to one another
- Molecule: The smallest unit of a compound
- Examples: Water (H2O), Glucose (C6H12O6)
- Molecule: The smallest unit of a compound
- Examples: Water (H2O), Glucose (C6H12O6)
10
[1] Mixture
- A combination of two or more pure substances that can be separated physically
- Either a homogenous mixture or a heterogenous mixture
- Either a homogenous mixture or a heterogenous mixture
11
[1] Homogenous Mixture
- A mixture/solution in which the components (pure substances) have a uniform composition throughout
- Examples: Vinegar, Kool-Aid
- Examples: Vinegar, Kool-Aid
12
[1] Heterogenous Mixture
- A mixture in which its componenets (pure substances) do not have a uniform composition throughout
- Examples: Pizza, pencils, salad, a shovel
- Examples: Pizza, pencils, salad, a shovel
13
[1] Intensive and Extensive Properties
- Intensive Properties: Properties that do not change based on the amount of a substance present
- Examples: Boiling point, color, temperature, luster
- Extensive Properties: Properties that change based on the amount of a substance present
- Examples: Volume, mass, weight, length
- Examples: Boiling point, color, temperature, luster
- Extensive Properties: Properties that change based on the amount of a substance present
- Examples: Volume, mass, weight, length
14
[1] Physical Property
- A property that can be observed without changing the identity/composition of a substance
- Examples: Luster, boiling point, density, solubility, specific heat capacity. Basically anything that changes its state of matter, but not its chemical composition.
- Examples: Luster, boiling point, density, solubility, specific heat capacity. Basically anything that changes its state of matter, but not its chemical composition.
15
[1] Malleability and Ductility
- Malleability:
- Ductility:
- Ductility:
16
[1] Solubility and Miscibility
17
[1] Chemical Property
18
[1] Physical and Chemical Change
19
[1] Filtration, Decanting, Centrifuge, Distillation, and Chromatography
20
{1] Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
21
[1] Groups and Periods
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