Lecture 9 — Adaptive Immunity
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1
What is adaptive immunity?
A specific immune response that develops after exposure to an antigen.
2
Why is adaptive immunity needed in addition to innate immunity?
Some pathogens can evade innate defenses, so the body needs a more targeted response.
3
What are the four key characteristics of adaptive immunity?
Specificity, inducibility, memory, and tolerance to self.
4
What does specificity mean in adaptive immunity?
The immune system recognizes particular antigens or epitopes.
5
What does inducible mean?
The response must be activated by exposure to a specific antigen.
6
What is immunological memory?
The ability to respond more quickly and strongly after encountering an antigen again.
7
Why must adaptive immunity be tolerant to self?
To prevent the immune system from attacking the body's own cells and tissues.
8
What can happen when tolerance to self fails?
An autoimmune disorder can develop.
9
What are the two major branches of adaptive immunity?
Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
10
What is humoral immunity?
Antibody-mediated immunity that uses antibodies circulating in body fluids.
11
Which cells produce antibodies?
B lymphocytes that differentiate into plasma cells.
12
What is cell-mediated immunity?
Adaptive immunity that uses T cells to recognize and act against infected or abnormal cells.
13
Which cells are central to cell-mediated immunity?
T lymphocytes, especially cytotoxic T cells.
14
What types of pathogens are especially targeted by humoral immunity?
Extracellular pathogens and toxins.
15
What types of pathogens are especially targeted by cell-mediated immunity?
Intracellular pathogens.
16
How do cytotoxic T cells help defend the body?
They recognize and kill infected or abnormal host cells.
17
How can cell-mediated immunity help protect against cancer?
It can recognize and destroy cells displaying abnormal or tumor-associated antigens.
18
Why can cell-mediated immunity cause transplant rejection?
It may recognize donor tissue as foreign and attack it.
19
What is an antigen?
A substance recognized by the immune system.
20
What is an epitope?
The specific part of an antigen that an immune receptor recognizes.
21
Can one antigen contain multiple epitopes?
Yes. Different parts of one antigen can be recognized separately.
22
What is a B-cell receptor?
An antigen-binding receptor attached to the surface of a B cell.
23
How is a B-cell receptor related to an antibody?
It is structurally similar to an antibody but remains attached to the B-cell surface.
24
What is a T-cell receptor?
A receptor on a T cell that recognizes a specific antigen fragment presented by an MHC protein.
25
What does MHC stand for?
Major histocompatibility complex.
26
What is the function of MHC proteins?
They display antigen fragments on cell surfaces for T-cell recognition.
27
Where is MHC class I found?
On nearly all nucleated cells in the body.
28
Which cells are notable exceptions to MHC class I expression in the lecture?
Red blood cells and sperm cells.
29
What type of antigen does MHC class I present?
Endogenous antigens from inside the cell.
30
Which T cells interact with MHC class I?
CD8-positive cytotoxic T cells.
31
What does CD8 bind to?
MHC class I.
32
What type of antigen does MHC class II present?
Exogenous antigens taken up from outside the cell.
33
Which cells express MHC class II?
Professional antigen-presenting cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.
34
Which T cells interact with MHC class II?
CD4-positive helper T cells.
35
What does CD4 bind to?
MHC class II.
36
What is an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?
A cell that processes antigens and displays antigen fragments on MHC proteins.
37
What is cross-presentation?
The ability of dendritic cells to present exogenous antigens on both MHC class II and MHC class I.
38
Why is cross-presentation important?
It allows dendritic cells to help activate cytotoxic T-cell responses to antigens taken up from outside the cell.
39
Where do dendritic cells go to activate T cells?
Lymph nodes.
40
What is clonal expansion?
The multiplication of an activated lymphocyte to produce many cells with the same antigen specificity.
41
What happens when a helper T cell recognizes its matching antigen on an APC?
It becomes activated and can help coordinate an adaptive immune response.
42
How do helper T cells help activate B cells?
They recognize matching antigen presented by B cells and provide activating signals.
43
What happens to an activated B cell?
It undergoes clonal expansion and differentiates into plasma cells and memory B cells.
44
What is a plasma cell?
A differentiated B cell that secretes antibodies.
45
What is a memory B cell?
A long-lived B cell that helps produce a faster response after future exposure to the same antigen.
46
What are T-independent antigens?
Antigens that can activate B cells without helper T-cell assistance.
47
What kinds of structures can act as T-independent antigens?
Some long, repeating polymers such as bacterial capsules and flagella.
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