Section 3.1: Cables and Adapters

- paired wires, transmit +/- or receive +/-, different twist rates
- twist allows wire to constantly move away from interference

category 5/5enhanced, 100 meters, 1GBs

category 6/6augmented, 100 meters, 10GBs

- two or more forms share a common axis
- RG-6 used in tv/digital cables

- active circulating shared airspace
- dangerous in case of a fire

- default jacket on an ethernet cable made of PVC(polyvinyl chloride)
- fire-rated cable jacket made of FEP(fluorinated ethylene polymer)/low-smoke PVC
- not as flexible, may not have same bend radius

Unshielded Twisted Pair, most common and no additional shielding

- Shielded Twisted Pair, additional shielding protects against interference
- requires the cable to be grounded

- U = unshielded
- S = braided shielding
- F = foil shielding
- naming goes (overall cable)/(individual part)TP ex: S/FTP

- cable underground, shielded
- provides protection from outside, waterproof
- often filled with gel to repel water

- transmission by light
- immune to radio interference, no RF(radio frequency) signals, difficult to monitor/tap
- longer distance transmissions compared to copper cables
-ferrule at the end, large ceramic protector around the fiber optics

- short range communication, up to 2km
- relatively cheap light source like LED

- long range communication, up to 100km
- expensive light source, commonly uses lasers

- international ISO/IEC 11801, defines networking standards
- TIA(Telecommunications Industry Association), US standards
- market analysis, trade shows, government affairs
- ANSI/TIA-568 commercial building
- referenced for pin and pair assignments, T568A and T568B

- T568A and T568B are different pin assignments for 8P8C connectors
- many orgs use 568B, difficult to change in mid-stream
- only specify colors, does not define gigabit ethernet crossover cables

- low speed: 1.5MBs, 3 meters
- full speed: 12MBs, 5 meters

480MBs, 5 meters

superspeed, 5GBs, ~3 meters, no specific length

- irreversible, describes the physical connector, doesn't describe the signal
- 24-pin, used for both hosts and devices
- used for USB, thunderbolt, interface is the same, signal can vary

- released in July 2013, USB 3.0 now called USB 3.1 Gen 1
- USB 3.1 Gen 2 = superspeed+, 10GBs

- bandwidth can double with USB-C cables, released in September 2017
- USB 3.0 >> 3.1 Gen 1 >> 3.2 Gen 1
- USB 3.1 >> 3.1 Gen 2 >> 3.2 Gen 2
- USB 3.2 Gen 1x2, 10GBs using two "Gen 1" lanes
- USB 3.2 Gen 2x2, 20GBs using two "Gen 2" lanes

- high-speed serial connector, data and power on the same cable
- 8-pin digital signals
- based on MDP(Mini DisplayPort) standard
- thunderbolt v1, 2 channels, 10GBs per channel, 20GBs total throughput
- thunderbolt v2, 20GBs aggregated channels
- thunderbolt v3, 40GBs aggregated throughout, USB-C connector
- copper(3 meters), optical/fiber(60 meters)
- can daisy-chain up to 6 devices

- D-sub, letter refers to the connector size
- commonly used for RS-232 signals, standard since 1969
- built for modem communication
- used for modems, printers, mice, networking

- Video Graphics Array, DB-15 connector, also DE-15
- blue, video only(no audio signal)
- analog signal, no digital, image degrades after 5-10 meters

- High-Definition Multimedia Interface
- all digital, no analog
- ~20 meters before losing too much signal
- 19-pin(type-A) connector, proprietary connector

- digital information sent in packetized form/
- ethernet/PCI express
- carries both audio and video
- compatible with HDMI and DVI
- passive adapter, display -> HDMI, display -> DVI

- Digital Visual Interface
- single link, 3.7GBs, HDTV at 60fps
- dual link, 7.4GBs, HDTV at 85 fps
- no audio support
- DVI-A, analog signals
- DVI-D, digital signals
- DVI-I, integrated, digital and analog in the same connector

- Serial AT Attachment
- revision 1.0, 1.5GBs, 1 meter
- revision 2.0, 3GBs, 1 meter
- revision 3.0, 6GBs, 1 meter
- revision 3.2, 16GBs, 1 meter

- one power cable and data cable per device, one to one

- external SATA, matches the SATA version, 2 meter
- similar size, but connectors are physically different than SATA

- Small Computer Systems Interface, not really small
- strings many peripherals together onto a single cable/controller, up to 16 devices in a chain
- fast, ultra, ultra wide, ultra2, ultra3, ultra-320, ultra-640, iSCSI(SCSI over IP)
- parallel and serial options

- not just for hard drives, also used for scanners, tape drives, CD-ROM drives
- many devices on a single bus, 8 on narrow bus, 16 on wide bus
- intelligent interface functionality, used for long time
- standard drive for virtual systems

- logical unit
- ID 0 = SCSI controller
- ID 2 = hard drive
- ID 3 = CD-ROM
- signal at end of SCSI bus is terminated

- Serial attached SCSI, have no jumpers, teminators, or settings
- move from parallel to serial, increased throughput
- similar to the move from PATA to SATA
- point to point connection between motherboard and drive, no more daisy chains
- no termination required, bus has two devices on it

- Parallel AT Attachment, parallel ATA, ATA, around 1999
- originally IDE(Integrated Drive Electronics), then EIDE(Enhanced)
- western digital invention, speeds from 16MBs to 133MBs

- 40-wire, original, device 0 = first device connected
- 80-wire, device 1 = first device connected
- 1 point is missing for insertion

- convert between different connectors as long as electrically compatible
- converting from one format to another

- DVI-D and HDMI are electrically compatible
- HDMI is backward-compatible with DVI-D
- no signal conversion required, no loss of video quality

- DVI-A includes analog signals, backward compatible with VGA
- only 640 x 480 is officially supported
- may only need single adapter, analog to analog
- VGA to DVI-D will need converter

merges the new with the old, enables you to use your older peripherals

connects many devices with high speed USB connectivity

- 6 position, 2 conductor(6P2C)
- telephone or DSL connection

- registered jack type 45, 8 position 8 conductor (8P8C)
- modular connector, mainly ethernet

cable television, cable modem, DOCSIS

- wire to wire patch panel, no intermediate interface needed
- wires are "punched" into the block, connecting block is on top

- 4-pin peripheral power connector
- AMP MATE-N-LOK
- provides +12V and +5V
- powers up many devices in computer like storage/optical drives/fans

LC - local connector, single interface, small transmit to receive connection
ST - straight tip, long tip
SC - subscriber connector, "square connector"