Social Control and Social Bond Theories
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1
What is the central question addressed by social control theories of crime?
Why individuals conform to social rules and what happens when the social bonds or controls restraining misconduct weaken.
2
What is the fundamental assumption of social bond theory?
Strong connections to conventional people, institutions, activities, and values help discourage delinquent behavior.
3
Who developed social bond theory in the 1969 book Causes of Delinquency?
Travis Hirschi.
4
What are Hirschi's four elements of the social bond?
Attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
5
What is attachment in Hirschi's social bond theory?
Emotional connection to significant others whose opinions and expectations influence behavior.
6
What is commitment in Hirschi's social bond theory?
Investment in conventional achievements and future opportunities that an individual risks losing through delinquency.
7
What is involvement in Hirschi's social bond theory?
Participation in conventional activities that may reduce opportunities or time for delinquency.
8
What is belief in Hirschi's social bond theory?
Acceptance of the legitimacy and moral validity of conventional social rules.
9
Which social bond involves concern about disappointing parents, teachers, or other significant people?
Attachment.
10
Which social bond involves protecting educational achievements and future career opportunities?
Commitment.
11
Which social bond emphasizes participation in school, sports, work, or other conventional activities?
Involvement.
12
Which social bond concerns accepting the legitimacy of laws and social rules?
Belief.
13
What does the concept of stakes in conformity mean?
The valued relationships, achievements, and opportunities a person may jeopardize by engaging in misconduct.
14
Why can strong commitment discourage offending even without immediate supervision?
A person may avoid conduct that threatens important long-term goals or investments.
15
What is a major limitation of the involvement element of social bond theory?
Participation in conventional activities does not always prevent offending, and the type and quality of involvement matter.
16
How does social bond theory differ from differential association theory?
Social bond theory emphasizes restraints that discourage offending, while differential association emphasizes learning criminal behavior through social interactions.
17
How does Hirschi's 1969 social bond theory differ from the later general theory of crime?
The earlier theory emphasizes social bonds, while the later theory developed with Gottfredson emphasizes low self-control and criminal opportunity.
18
Who developed containment theory in criminology?
Walter C. Reckless.
19
What is containment theory?
A theory proposing that internal and external controls help restrain individuals from delinquency despite pressures and attractions toward misconduct.
20
What are the two principal forms of containment in Reckless's theory?
Inner containment and outer containment.
21
What is inner containment?
Internal restraints such as a positive self-concept, self-control, responsibility, and the ability to tolerate frustration.
22
What is outer containment?
External restraints such as family supervision, institutional expectations, social support, and consistent behavioral boundaries.
23
What are pushes in containment theory?
Pressures that may encourage delinquency, such as frustration, conflict, or adverse living conditions.
24
What are pulls in containment theory?
Attractions or opportunities that may draw a person toward delinquency, such as delinquent peer groups or appealing illegal rewards.
25
What is the role of self-concept in containment theory?
A stable, positive self-concept is proposed to strengthen internal resistance to delinquent pressures.
26
Scenario: A youth resists pressure to steal because of strong personal responsibility and confidence in lawful choices. Which form of containment is illustrated?
Inner containment.
27
Scenario: Consistent parental monitoring and clear school expectations discourage a teenager from joining a delinquent group. Which form of containment is illustrated?
Outer containment.
28
Scenario: A student faces intense family conflict but avoids offending because of strong internal values and supportive teachers. How would containment theory explain this?
Inner and outer containment help counteract pressures toward delinquency.
29
Who developed the techniques of neutralization framework?
Gresham M. Sykes and David Matza.
30
In what year was the influential article Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency published?
1957.
31
What is neutralization theory?
A theory proposing that individuals may temporarily justify or excuse misconduct to reduce guilt and weaken conventional moral restraints.
32
What are the five original techniques of neutralization identified by Sykes and Matza?
Denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of the victim, condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties.
33
What is denial of responsibility?
Claiming that circumstances or outside forces caused one's misconduct and that personal choice was limited.
34
What is denial of injury?
Minimizing misconduct by claiming that no real harm or damage occurred.
35
What is denial of the victim?
Justifying misconduct by claiming the harmed person deserved the treatment or was not a legitimate victim.
36
What is condemnation of the condemners?
Deflecting criticism by portraying authorities or critics as hypocritical, corrupt, or equally blameworthy.
37
What is appeal to higher loyalties?
Justifying rule-breaking as necessary to fulfill obligations to friends, family, a group, or another supposedly superior cause.
38
Scenario: A person caught stealing says, 'Everyone pressured me into it; I had no choice.' Which neutralization technique applies?
Denial of responsibility.
39
Scenario: A student illegally downloads software and says, 'The company did not really lose anything.' Which technique applies?
Denial of injury.
40
Scenario: An offender says, 'That person deserved to be attacked for what they did.' Which technique applies?
Denial of the victim.
41
Scenario: A suspect responds to accusations by saying, 'The police are more dishonest than I am.' Which technique applies?
Condemnation of the condemners.
42
Scenario: A gang member says, 'I broke the law because loyalty to my brothers comes first.' Which technique applies?
Appeal to higher loyalties.
43
What is the key distinction between denial of injury and denial of the victim?
Denial of injury minimizes the harm, while denial of the victim attempts to justify harming the particular person.
44
What is drift theory in criminology?
David Matza's perspective that some youths move between conventional and delinquent behavior rather than remaining permanently committed to either.
45
Who developed the concept of delinquent drift?
David Matza.
46
What is the significance of free will in Matza's drift theory?
Matza emphasized that delinquency can involve choices made when conventional restraints are temporarily weakened.
47
What is the relationship between neutralization and drift?
Neutralization may temporarily loosen moral restraints, making movement into delinquent behavior easier.
48
What is the difference between a delinquent subculture theory and Matza's drift perspective?
Subculture theories may emphasize alternative group values, while drift theory suggests many delinquents continue to recognize conventional values.
49
Scenario: A teenager usually follows school rules but occasionally shoplifts after convincing himself that stores can afford the loss. Which two concepts apply?
Delinquent drift and denial of injury.
50
Scenario: A student stops associating with delinquent peers after developing strong relationships with teachers and investing in a scholarship opportunity. Which social bond elements are strengthened?
Attachment and commitment.
51
What is the principal difference between containment theory and neutralization theory?
Containment theory explains restraints against delinquency, while neutralization theory explains justifications that can temporarily weaken moral restraints.
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